Question 1

After dinner, Tammy enjoys two stimulants. Tammy MOST likely had ______.

Accepted Answer

Coffee and cigarettes are both stimulants, with caffeine in coffee and nicotine in cigarettes stimulating the nervous system.

Question 2

______ smoking, alcohol use is ______ associated with education level.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

People who work more than 49 hr per week are ______ MORE likely to engage in risky drinking behavior than are people who work 35-40 hr per week.

Accepted Answer

According to a study published in the British Medical Journal, people who work more than 49 hours per week are 12-13% more likely to engage in risky drinking behavior than those who work 35-40 hours per week.

Question 4

Chan drinks four cups of coffee each day. One day, Chan skips the two cups he usually has in the morning, and he gets a terrible headache and finds he cannot concentrate. MOST specifically, Chan may be experiencing ______.

Accepted Answer

Chan's symptoms suggest that he is experiencing withdrawal, which is a set of unpleasant symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance they are physically dependent on, such as caffeine in this case. This dependence can develop due to regular use of the substance, leading to addiction. Abuse refers to using a substance in a harmful manner, and tolerance refers to the body's ability to adapt to a substance, leading to a decrease in the desired effect over time.

Question 5

Now in his late 40s, Scotty has abused alcohol since early adolescence. He experiences severe memory limitations, as well as daytime drowsiness and frequent disorientation. Scotty appears to suffer from ______.

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described suggest that Scotty is suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, a disorder associated with long-term alcohol abuse that results in severe memory impairments and other cognitive deficits. Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia are language disorders, while alcohol myopia is a term used to describe alcohol-related cognitive impairments that are relatively short-lived and typically do not persist beyond the period of intoxication.

Question 6

With respect to models of nicotine addiction, physiological is to behavioral as the ______ is to the ______ model.

Accepted Answer

The physiological aspects of nicotine addiction are primarily concerned with the body's physical dependence on nicotine, which is best represented by the nicotine fixed-effect model. This model focuses on the direct effects of nicotine on the body. In contrast, the behavioral aspects are more about how nicotine use is influenced by psychological or emotional states, which is the domain of the affect-regulation model. This model looks at how individuals might use nicotine to manage or regulate their emotions.

Question 7

Consider the models of nicotine addiction presented in the textbook. Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the nicotine regulation model and the nicotine fixed-effects model?

Accepted Answer

The nicotine regulation model extends the nicotine fixed-effects model by proposing that nicotine regulation is a dynamic process influenced by factors such as pharmacological tolerance and operant conditioning. The nicotine fixed-effects model, on the other hand, focuses on the immediate effects of nicotine on the brain and nervous system without considering the long-term effects or individual differences in susceptibility to addiction. Therefore, the two models are complementary rather than opposing or replacing each other.

Question 8

______ evidence suggests that light-to-moderate drinking is linked to ______ health than is abstaining.

Accepted Answer

The question asks about the evidence and the best fit for these criteria is correlational evidence, as it is unethical to conduct experimental studies where participants are randomly assigned to different levels of alcohol consumption over a long-term period. Additionally, research suggests that light-to-moderate drinking (defined as one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men) is linked to better health outcomes such as a lower risk of heart disease and stroke compared to abstaining from alcohol completely.

Question 9

The MOST common illicit drug in the United States is marijuana, a(n) ______.

Accepted Answer

Marijuana is a hallucinogen, which means it alters perception, thoughts, and feelings. It can cause changes in sensory perception and can give the illusion of seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not actually there.

Question 10

Of those smokers who have experienced a heart attack or surgery resulting from lung cancer, ______ continue to smoke cigarettes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of those smokers who have experienced a...

Question 11

Doctors who prescribe pain medication often have to prescribe larger doses of the drug to a patient over time because of ______.

Accepted Answer

Tolerance occurs when the body becomes less responsive to the effects of a drug after repeated or prolonged use. This can result in the need for higher doses of the medication to achieve the same level of pain relief. Addiction and abuse are related to the misuse of medications, while withdrawal occurs when someone suddenly stops using a drug they have become dependent on.

Question 12

Cocaine is to ______ as ______ is to depressant.

Accepted Answer

Cocaine is a stimulant, which means it increases alertness and energy. Xanax, on the other hand, is a depressant, which decreases nervous system activity and calms the body.

Question 13

"Consuming more than four drinks in one day for women, or five drinks in one day for men" is a(n) ______ definition of ______ drinking.

Accepted Answer

Operational definitions specify the criteria or operations by which a concept, such as "heavy drinking," is measured or identified. In this case, the specific number of drinks for men and women provides a clear, measurable criterion for what constitutes "heavy drinking."

Question 14

At this point, the results of research aimed at identifying the personality traits associated with alcohol-related problems are BEST described as ______.

Accepted Answer

While research on this topic is ongoing, current findings suggest that there are certain personality traits that may be associated with alcohol-related problems. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between these traits and problematic drinking behaviors. Therefore, the results of this research can be described as "suggestive" at this point in time.

Question 15

Which personality trait is NOT positively associated with smoking among adolescents?

Accepted Answer

Introversion is not positively associated with smoking among adolescents. In fact, introverts are often less likely to engage in risky behaviors such as smoking. On the other hand, novelty-seeking, rebelliousness, and risk-taking are all personality traits that have been found to be positively associated with smoking among adolescents.

Question 16

Having parents who smoke increases the risk that one will begin smoking by a factor of about ______.

Accepted Answer

Having parents who smoke doubles the likelihood that their children will start smoking, making the correct factor approximately 2. This is due to both the modeling of behavior and the increased accessibility of cigarettes.

Question 17

In states that legalized the recreational use of marijuana, the perception of the drug's harm ______, and its use ______.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that legalization of recreational marijuana use is associated with a decrease in the perceived harm of the drug and an increase in its use. This is likely due to the normalization of marijuana use in society and the belief that it is less harmful than previously thought.

Question 18

Smoking is negatively associated with ______.

Accepted Answer

Multiple studies have shown that smoking prevalence is higher among individuals with lower levels of education and income. Smokers are also more likely to have lower occupational status and lower job satisfaction. Therefore, smoking is negatively associated with both education and income.

Question 19

In Skinnerian terms, tension-reduction theory suggests that alcohol use is maintained through ______.

Accepted Answer

In Skinnerian terms, tension-reduction theory suggests that alcohol use is maintained through negative reinforcement. This is because the removal of an aversive stimulus (tension or stress) following the behavior (drinking alcohol) strengthens the behavior, making it more likely to occur in the future.

Question 20

Randy and Morty both suffer from alcohol use disorder. Each has a twin: Randy has a fraternal twin, Ricky, and Morty has an identical twin, Marty. As compared to Ricky's risk for alcohol use disorder, Marty's risk is ______.

Accepted Answer

Identical twins share 100% of their genetic material, while fraternal twins share approximately 50%. Since alcohol use disorder has a genetic component, Marty's risk for alcohol use disorder is higher than Ricky's by a factor of 2.

Quiz 7: Substance Use and Abuse