Question 1

Developmental psychologists describe Jennifer as an emotion-dismissing parent to her son. Which of the following actions is Jennifer most likely to display?

Accepted Answer

An emotion-dismissing parent is someone who tries to change or dismiss their child's negative emotions instead of acknowledging and validating them. Therefore, Jennifer is most likely to display the action of trying to change her son's negative emotions.

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development identifies the stage of initiative versus guilt as characteristic of early childhood, typically covering the ages of 3 to 6 years. During this stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions.

Question 3

Marjorie's son places last in a running race in his school. This makes him upset. He comes home and tells his mother about the result of the competition. His mother initially ignores him thinking that he will stop thinking about the competition. Later, when she sees that her son is still upset, she tries to distract him from the negative emotion by trying to change it. Marjorie's way of talking to her son about his negative emotions indicates that Marjorie is a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

Marjorie ignoring her son's negative emotion initially and then trying to distract him from it indicates that she is an emotion-dismissing parent.

Question 4

According to Erik Erikson, the great governor of initiative is

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson identified conscience as the great governor of initiative in his theory of psychosocial development. This reflects the internalization of societal and parental standards, guiding the child's ability to initiate activities within a moral framework.

Question 5

Which of the following terms refers to responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings?

Accepted Answer

Empathy refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. When someone responds to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings, they are demonstrating empathy. Anxiety refers to feelings of worry or fear, coaching refers to providing guidance and instruction, and modeling refers to demonstrating a behavior or skill for others to follow.

Question 6

Four-year-old Harlan says, "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, has self-descriptions that are typically

Accepted Answer

Four-year-olds, like Harlan, tend to have self-descriptions that are unrealistically positive. They may lack self-awareness and have a heightened sense of self-esteem, leading them to believe they are always happy, even if that may not be entirely accurate.

Question 7

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Selena is showing empathy, which means she is able to share and understand the feelings of her best friend who lost her puppy.

Question 8

________ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.

Accepted Answer

The description given matches the characteristics of emotion-coaching parents. They support their children's emotions by being empathetic and helping them deal with their feelings, rather than dismissing or minimizing them.

Question 9

Which of the following involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people?

Accepted Answer

Moral development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people. Immanent justice refers to the belief that misfortune or punishment is the automatic result of doing something wrong, without need for any action taken by anyone else. Superego refers to the part of personality that represents internalized societal and parental standards of conduct. Pragmatism is a philosophical approach that focuses on practicality and real-world consequences, rather than abstract theoretical concepts.

Question 10

________ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function.

Accepted Answer

Emotion regulation plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function, which involves the ability to plan, organize, prioritize, and control behavior in response to environmental stimuli. Emotion regulation helps children cope with stress, develop positive relationships, and succeed academically and socially. It involves the ability to recognize, understand, and respond appropriately to one's own feelings and those of others.

Question 11

According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's structural model of the psyche, the superego represents the moral and ethical component of personality. It operates on the principle of morality and strives for perfection, often conflicting with the id's desire for immediate gratification.

Question 12

The children of ________ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.

Accepted Answer

The traits mentioned in the statement are typically associated with emotion-coaching parents. Option A is the only one that accurately describes and aligns with these traits. Option B, emotion-facilitator, may be a close second but it is not a commonly used term in the field of psychology. Option C, emotion-encouraging, and option D, emotion-independent, do not accurately describe the parenting style described in the statement.

Question 13

According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, thus forming the

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the superego is formed during the phallic stage (ages 3-6) as children internalize the moral standards and values of their same-sex parent through the process of identification. The superego operates as a moral compass and strives for perfection, aiming to control the impulses of the id (primitive instincts and desires) and maintain social norms and values. Therefore, children identify with parents to form the superego in order to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection.

Question 14

Which of the following aspects of moral development most likely involves anxiety and guilt?

Accepted Answer

Moral feelings, such as guilt and anxiety, are likely to be associated with moral development because they involve emotional responses to moral decisions and actions. Moral reasoning (A), moral thoughts (B), and moral behavior (C) can all contribute to moral development as well, but they may not necessarily involve the same level of emotional intensity as moral feelings.

Question 15

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a ________ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions require the ability to have self-awareness and recognize oneself as distinct from others. Shame is one of these self-conscious emotions, as it involves a negative evaluation of oneself based on the expectations of others. Social emotions, on the other hand, are more related to one's interactions with others (such as feeling empathy or gratitude). Penitent and sympathetic are irrelevant to the question.

Question 16

Brianna is extremely upset because she got scolded by her teacher. Her mother decides to facilitate an open discussion about what happened and why Brianna is upset to help her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Her mother's approach of talking to Brianna about her emotions indicates that Brianna's mother is a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

Brianna's mother is facilitating an open discussion about emotions, which is characteristic of emotion-coaching parenting. Emotion-dismissing parents minimize or ignore their children's emotions, while authoritarian parents are more focused on obedience and punishment. Indulgent parents are more permissive and lenient with discipline.

Question 17

In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur?

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness typically begins to emerge at around 15 to 18 months of age. This is when children start to recognize themselves in mirrors or pictures, indicating they are starting to develop an understanding of themselves as separate from others.

Question 18

Barbara monitors her children's emotions. Her daughter is upset because she got reprimanded by her teacher. Barbara initially ignores her daughter's lamentations but then decides to try to change her daughter's emotions by saying that everyone gets reprimanded and that it is not a big deal. Barbara's approach of talking to her daughter about her negative emotions indicates that Barbara is a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

Barbara's approach of minimizing her daughter's feelings and suggesting that her negative emotions are not significant is characteristic of an emotion-dismissing parent. This style involves denying, ignoring, or changing negative emotions rather than addressing and helping the child to understand and manage them.

Question 19

In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop ________, which is the representation of self, the substance, and content of self-conceptions.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's portrait of early childhood focuses on the stage of initiative vs. guilt, where children develop a sense of purpose and direction in pursuing goals. However, in order to have a sense of purpose, children must also have a sense of self. Self-understanding is the ability to recognize oneself as a separate individual with unique characteristics, preferences, and abilities. It includes both the concrete aspects of self, such as physical traits and favorite foods, as well as more abstract aspects, such as values and beliefs. Developing self-understanding is important for children's social and emotional development, as it allows them to form relationships with others and understand their own feelings and behaviors. Therefore, choice C, self-understanding, is the best answer.

Question 20

Why is it challenging for parents to discuss emotional topics with their young children?

Accepted Answer

Young children often lack the emotional maturity and understanding to process and communicate their feelings effectively. This can make it challenging for parents to discuss emotional topics with them as children may avoid or resist the conversation, making it difficult for parents to address their concerns or provide comfort.

Quiz 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood