Question 1

Older children, who are ________, recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then, punishment is not inevitable.

Accepted Answer

Moral autonomists are children who recognize that rules are socially constructed and can be changed by agreement among people. They understand that punishment is not inevitable and depends on the intentions behind the actions. Empathic thinkers are children who take others' perspectives into account when making moral judgments. Gender-typed refers to children who adhere strictly to gender stereotypes. Heteronomous thinkers are children who believe that rules are fixed and handed down from authority figures, and that punishment is inevitable if they are broken.

Question 2

From about ________ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, children between the ages of 4 to 7 display heteronomous morality, which is characterized by a belief that rules are handed down by authority figures and cannot be changed.

Question 3

Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that peer relations play a critical role in promoting changes in moral reasoning in children. Through the mutual give-and-take of peer relations, children are able to challenge and refine their moral beliefs and values. This is known as "reciprocal peer interaction" and is seen as a key process in the development of moral reasoning. While authoritative parenting, religious and social conditioning, and family experiences may also contribute to children's moral development, Piaget placed particular emphasis on the role of peer relations.

Question 4

Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?

Accepted Answer

The behavioral and social cognitive approach asserts that moral behavior is developed through the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation. This approach focuses on observable behavior and its environmental influences.

Question 5

Nicola tries to take steps to avert potential misbehavior by her children before it takes place. The moment she sees that her 4-year-old daughter is going to have a meltdown, she distracts her with her favorite activity. She has regular talks with her ten-year-old son wherein she tries to impart her cherished values to him and indicates what is expected of him as he grows older. Nicola is

Accepted Answer

Nicola is being proactive in her approach to her children's moral development by taking steps to avert potential misbehavior before it takes place and regularly having talks with her son to impart values and expectations for his behavior as he grows older. This approach can help foster positive moral development in her children.

Question 6

Susan, a 5-year-old, thinks of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Susan is most likely in the stage of moral reasoning known as

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory, in the heteronomous morality stage (which typically occurs between the ages of 5-10), children believe that rules are set by authority figures and cannot be changed. They also think that breaking a rule always results in punishment, regardless of the situation. Susan's belief that justice and rules are unchangeable properties of the world indicates that she is in the heteronomous morality stage.

Question 7

At about ________ years of age and older, children show autonomous morality.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, children around the age of 10 and older exhibit autonomous morality, where they understand that rules can be changed and that intentions are more important than consequences in determining the morality of an action. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 8

Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n)

Accepted Answer

Julie's belief that accidental harm is worse than intentional harm suggests a belief in heteronomous morality, which is based on external rules and consequences rather than individual intentions or empathy.

Question 9

According to Piaget's theory, from ________ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some features of the second stage, autonomous morality.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory, children aged 7 to 10 are in a transitional phase between the first stage of moral reasoning, characterized by a rigid obedience to authority and rules (heteronomous morality), and the second stage, autonomous morality, where they start to understand that rules can be flexible and consider intentions behind actions.

Question 10

Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess. One day, a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game. Dante accepts the rules and now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Dante is in the stage of autonomous morality, where he can accept new rules and understand that rules can be changed through social agreement. This stage is typical for children aged 10 and older.

Question 11

Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break their mother's favorite porcelain doll. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry and that their mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

Accepted Answer

Jerome's thinking reflects the heteronomous morality stage, which is characterized by a child's belief that rules are unchangeable and must be followed to avoid punishment. Hani's thinking reflects the autonomous morality stage, which is characterized by a child's understanding that rules are created by people and can be changed through consensus. Hani shows an understanding that their mother may be understanding of the accident, while Jerome is worried about getting into trouble.

Question 12

In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, which of the following is a characteristic of children showing heteronomous morality?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, children in the heteronomous stage of moral development view justice as an unchangeable property of the world, rather than something that is subject to human modification or negotiation. They see rules as fixed and absolute, and are focused on the consequences of actions rather than the intentions behind them. They also tend to believe in immanent justice, the idea that good deeds are immediately rewarded and bad deeds are immediately punished by some higher power or force.

Question 13

________ refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development, namely moral thought, feeling, and behavior.

Accepted Answer

Conscience refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development, namely moral thought, feeling, and behavior. Conscience is an important aspect of moral development and helps individuals make morally sound decisions.

Question 14

Maria believes that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, this scenario indicates that Maria believes in the concept of

Accepted Answer

Maria's belief that punishment will be meted out immediately reflects her belief in immanent justice, which is a characteristic of Piaget's heteronomous stage of moral development. In this early stage, children believe that rules are determined by authority figures and that breaking a rule will lead to immediate punishment.

Question 15

Katrina, a 6-year-old, becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game and yells, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Which of the following types of moral reasoning is Katrina exhibiting?

Accepted Answer

Katrina's reaction suggests that she is operating under the concept of heteronomous morality, which is typical of children in the age range of 4 to 7 years old. This is when children see rules as being absolute and unchangeable, and they believe that breaking the rules automatically results in punishment or retribution. Therefore, Katrina is upset because her brother has violated the set rules of the game according to her understanding of morality.

Question 16

According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget believed that peer relations are more conducive to advancing moral reasoning than parent-child relations because peers operate on a more equal footing, allowing for negotiation and reasoning about rules. In contrast, parents often impose rules in a more authoritarian manner, which does not encourage the same level of moral development.

Question 17

Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table," a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, aged nine and eleven, with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive theorists suggest that moral behavior is learned through observation and modeling, which means that Gini's children are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others as they see their mother modeling this behavior.

Question 18

Ben, a 12-year-old, judges the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Ben will most likely be classified as a(n)

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, children in the heteronomous stage (ages 5-10) judge the rightness or wrongness of behavior based on the consequences, rather than the intentions of the actor. Therefore, Ben, who is 12 years old, would likely fall into this category. The other options do not accurately describe his moral reasoning.

Question 19

Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?

Accepted Answer

The first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development is heteronomous morality, which occurs from approximately ages 4 to 7. In this stage, children view rules as fixed and handed down by authority figures. They also believe that violations of rules will incur punishment, regardless of intentions or consequences.

Question 20

The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as

Accepted Answer

The ability to discern or understand another's inner psychological state is known as perspective taking. This involves taking on the perspective of another person or trying to understand their thoughts, feelings, and experiences from their point of view.

Quiz 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood