Question 1

From a young age, Karen has always been praised by her parents for her feminine behavior. Her parents reward her behavior by saying such statements as "Karen, you look very pretty in your frock." Her brother, on the other hand, is reprimanded for playing with Karen's dolls. In the context of social influences on gender development, this scenario is in accordance with the ________ of gender.

Accepted Answer

This scenario aligns with the social cognitive theory, which emphasizes the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in the development of gender roles. Karen and her brother learn gender-specific behaviors and expectations through the reinforcement and punishment given by their parents.

Question 2

Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of

Accepted Answer

Children in the age range of 4 to 12 often show a preference for playing in groups that consist of members of their own sex, a phenomenon known as gender segregation in play.

Question 3

The ________ of gender stems from the view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic theory, proposed by Sigmund Freud, asserts that children go through the Oedipus complex, a stage where they develop a sexual attachment to their opposite-sex parent and view their same-sex parent as a rival. This emotional conflict is believed to influence the child's gender identity and behavior in later stages of development.

Question 4

The social role theory suggests that

Accepted Answer

The social role theory proposes that gender differences in behavior, personality, and attitudes are primarily the result of societal expectations and norms regarding the division of labor and social hierarchy. This theory emphasizes the importance of cultural and social factors, rather than biological determinism, in shaping gender roles and identity. Therefore, Choice A is the best option as it aligns with the tenets of social role theory.

Question 5

The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls?

Accepted Answer

The Electra complex is the psychoanalytic theory that girls develop a sexual attraction to their fathers and compete with their mothers for their father's attention and affection. This theory is derived from Freud's Oedipus complex theory, which is the equivalent theory for boys.

Question 6

Meena is a 3-year-old. She is aware that she is a girl and understands and accepts being a female. This indicates that Meena is conscious of her ________.

Accepted Answer

Gender identity refers to a person's internal sense of being male, female, or something else. Meena's understanding and acceptance of being a female at the age of 3 indicates that she has developed a sense of gender identity. Gender neutrality refers to the rejection of traditional gender roles and stereotypes. Ethnicity refers to a person's cultural background, and socioeconomic status describes a person's financial and social standing.

Question 7

According to a research review by Bronstein (2006), which of the following statements is true of parental influences on children's gender development?

Accepted Answer

Bronstein's (2006) research review indicates that fathers tend to put more effort into promoting their sons' intellectual development compared to their daughters'. This reflects a gendered approach to parenting that aligns with traditional gender roles and expectations.

Question 8

A ________ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions.

Accepted Answer

A schema is a cognitive structure that helps individuals organize their experiences and knowledge. It is a network of associations that guides one's perceptions, thoughts and behaviors. Schemas can be based on past experiences, cultural influences and personal beliefs, and are influenced by new information that is assimilated or accommodated.

Question 9

________ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

Accepted Answer

Gender identity involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female. Gender role refers to the behaviors and attitudes considered appropriate for males or females in a particular culture, while gender typing refers to the process by which children learn these gender roles. Gender labeling refers to the process by which children learn to identify others as male or female.

Question 10

Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing

Accepted Answer

Schemas are mental frameworks that children use to organize and interpret information about the world around them. These schemas develop as children engage in repeated interactions with their environment and are constantly modified and refined as they acquire new experiences and information. Children are motivated to seek out and make sense of new information in order to update and expand their existing schemas.

Question 11

According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, preschool-age boys go through the Oedipus complex, during which they develop sexual attraction to their opposite-sex parent and view their same-sex parent as a rival for their parent's affection.

Question 12

A gender ________ organizes the world in terms of female and male.

Accepted Answer

A gender schema organizes the world into categories of male and female, and influences our perceptions and expectations of gender roles and behaviors. It is a mental framework that shapes our understanding and interpretation of gender, and can contribute to gender bias and inequality.

Question 13

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender

Accepted Answer

Gender roles are sets of societal expectations for how individuals should behave based on their gender. They dictate how males and females should act, think, and feel in various situations. Gender identity refers to an individual’s personal sense of their gender, while gender expectancies and rules are not commonly used terms in gender studies.

Question 14

Gender ________ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Accepted Answer

Gender typing refers to the process of developing a gender role, which can be either masculine or feminine, according to societal norms and expectations. It involves learning the behaviors, attitudes, and values that are considered appropriate for one's gender.

Question 15

In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward

Accepted Answer

Boys are more likely to associate in larger groups, while girls tend to form smaller, more intimate groups. This reflects observed differences in socialization and play behavior between genders from a young age.

Question 16

Which of the following fuels gender typing?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following fuels gender typing?
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Question 17

Around the age of ________, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that by age three or four, children already start showing a preference for spending time with same-sex peers. At this age, children begin to develop gender identity and understand that they belong to one or the other gender category. They also start to notice and conform to gender norms and stereotypes, which can influence their playmate preferences.

Question 18

Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers based on conformation to gender roles?

Accepted Answer

Research and societal observations suggest that boys who engage in behaviors traditionally associated with the opposite gender, such as playing with dolls, are more likely to face peer rejection compared to girls who engage in similar cross-gender behaviors. This is due to stricter societal norms and expectations regarding masculinity.

Question 19

Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture and develop gender ________ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

Accepted Answer

Gender schemas refer to cognitive structures that help individuals organize information regarding gender. Children develop these schemas based on what is considered appropriate or inappropriate for their gender in their culture. These schemas shape how they perceive the world and what they remember. Gender identity (A) refers to an individual’s sense of themselves as male or female. Gender roles (B) are societal expectations regarding how people should behave based on their gender. Types (D) is not relevant in this context.

Question 20

According to research studies by Maccoby (1998, 2002), which of the following statements is true of how boys and girls interact in same-sex groups?

Accepted Answer

Maccoby's research indicates that girls are more likely to act in a reciprocal manner in their interactions within same-sex groups, emphasizing cooperation and mutual support. Boys, conversely, often engage in more competitive and hierarchical interactions.

Quiz 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood