Question 1

A sign that a newborn infant may have pyloric stenosis is:

Accepted Answer

A firm,small,movable mass,approximately the size of an olive,is felt in the right upper quadrant in 70% to 90% of infants with pyloric stenosis.
Diarrhea is not a sign of pyloric stenosis.
Bile regurgitation is not a sign of pyloric stenosis.
Ascites is not a sign of pyloric stenosis.

Question 2

Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary deficiency of:

Accepted Answer

Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary deficiency of protein.
Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary deficiency of protein,not fat-soluble vitamins.
Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary deficiency of protein,not carbohydrates.
Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary deficiency of protein,not minerals such as calcium and magnesium.

Question 3

An 8-week-old female is diagnosed with a congenital heart disease and Down syndrome.Her parents report that she has difficulty defecating.X-ray reveals anorectal malformation that causes complete obstruction often referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Deformities that cause complete obstruction are known collectively as imperforate anus.
Intussusception is manifested by red jelly-like stools.
Meckel diverticulum is a congenital malformation of the gastrointestinal (GI)tract involving all layers of the small intestinal wall usually in the ileum.
Megacolon is due to lack of nerve innervations.

Question 4

A 2-month-old female with Down syndrome is diagnosed with Hirschsprung disease following family complaints of chronic constipation.The most likely cause of these symptoms is:

Accepted Answer

Congenital aganglionic megacolon is caused by the absence of the enteric ganglia (Meissner and Auerbach plexuses)along a variable length of the colon,resulting in inadequate motility.
Megacolon is a functional anatomic disorder not related to formula.
Megacolon is a functional anatomic disorder not related to use of suppositories.
Megacolon is not due to additional ganglia,but an absence of ganglia.

Question 5

A 2-month-old female is brought to the emergency room (ER)for persistent bile-stained vomiting after feeding.Physical examination reveals dehydration,and x-ray reveals that the colon is located in the upper right quadrant.What is the most likely cause of this condition?

Accepted Answer

In infants,malrotation obstruction causes intermittent or persistent bile-stained vomiting after feedings.
In infants,malrotation obstruction,not ileocecal displacement,causes intermittent or persistent bile-stained vomiting after feedings.
Pyloric stenosis is manifested by vomiting,but it is not bile stained and the colon is not displaced.
In meconium ileus,there is an intestinal obstruction caused by meconium formed in utero.

Question 6

Celiac disease,or sprue,is caused by alterations of the intestinal:

Accepted Answer

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy,formerly called celiac sprue or celiac disease,is an autoimmune disease that damages small intestinal villous epithelium.
Celiac disease affects the villi,not the glands.
Celiac disease affects the villi,not the smooth muscle wall.
Celiac disease affects the villi,not the sphincters.

Question 7

Which condition should the nurse assess for in mothers carrying fetuses affected by esophageal malformations?

Accepted Answer

Polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid)is reported to occur in 14% to 90% of mothers of affected infants because of alterations in fetal swallowing.
Excessive amniotic fluid,not an enlarged placenta,is a possible manifestation of fetuses with esophageal malformations.
Excessive amniotic fluid,not a short umbilical cord,is a possible manifestation of fetuses with esophageal malformations.
Excessive amniotic fluid,not foul smelling vaginal discharge,is a possible manifestation of fetuses with esophageal malformations.

Question 8

Examination of a newborn female revealed that the esophagus ends in a blind pouch.This condition is referred to on the chart as:

Accepted Answer

.
When the esophagus ends in a blind pouch,the condition is referred to as esophageal atresia.
When the esophagus ends in a blind pouch,the condition is referred to as esophageal atresia; the trachea is not involved.
Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus.
Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the connection between the stomach and the duodenum.

Question 9

Occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux is highest in which pediatric population?

Accepted Answer

The frequency of reflux is highest in premature infants and decreases during the first 6 to 12 months of life.
The frequency of reflux is highest in premature infants,not infants with Down syndrome.
The frequency of reflux is highest in premature infants,not children with cystic fibrosis.
The frequency of reflux is highest in premature infants,not infants with esophageal atresia.

Question 10

Prolonged diarrhea is more serious in children than adults because:

Accepted Answer

Prolonged diarrhea is more dangerous in children because they have much smaller fluid reserves than adults.
Prolonged diarrhea is more dangerous in children because they have much smaller fluid reserves than adults,not due to lower adipose reserves.
Prolonged diarrhea is more dangerous in children because they have much smaller fluid reserves than adults.Children have higher metabolic rates.
Prolonged diarrhea is more dangerous in children because they have much smaller fluid reserves than adults.It is not due to microbial resistance.

Question 11

A 1-week-old female is brought to her pediatrician for abdominal distention and unstable temperature.Physical examination reveals bradycardia and apnea.Tests reveal hypoxic injury to the bowel resulting in bacterial invasion and perforation.This condition is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

NEC is an ischemic,inflammatory condition of the bowel that causes necrosis,perforation,and death,if untreated.
NEC is an ischemic,inflammatory condition of the bowel that causes necrosis,perforation,and death,if untreated.Infective enteropathy may be related to infection,but it is not necrotic.
Mucoviscidosis is related to cystic fibrosis.
Ileus is manifested by decreased bowel sounds,but not ischemia.

Question 12

The primary complication of enterocolitis associated with Hirschsprung disease is related to which finding?

Accepted Answer

The most serious complication in the neonatal period is enterocolitis related to fecal impaction.
The most serious complication in the neonatal period is enterocolitis related to fecal impaction.It does not result in pancreatic insufficiency.
The most serious complication in the neonatal period is enterocolitis related to fecal impaction.It does not result in hyperactive peristalsis,but slowed peristalsis.
The most serious complication in the neonatal period is enterocolitis related to fecal impaction,not ileal atresia.

Question 13

A mother brings her 2-week-old infant to the pediatrician because he vomits forcefully for no apparent reason and food sometimes is regurgitated as though undigested.The infant is most likely suffering from:

Accepted Answer

Pyloric stenosis is manifested by forceful vomiting.
Pyloric stenosis is manifested by forceful vomiting,not meconium ileus.
Pyloric stenosis is manifested by forceful vomiting,not esophageal atresia.
Pyloric stenosis is manifested by forceful vomiting,not galactosemia.

Question 14

An 8-week-old male was recently diagnosed with cystic fibrosis.Which of the following digestive alterations would be expected?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis results in malabsorption.
Infants with cystic fibrosis have normal bile production; they experience pancreatic enzyme deficiency.
Infants with cystic fibrosis experience malabsorption,not gastric atrophy.
Infants with cystic fibrosis experience malabsorption; they do not have hypersecretion of stomach acid.

Question 15

Intussusception is treated initially by:

Accepted Answer

Reduction is an emergency procedure using an air enema.
Bowel resection is not indicated unless the enema is ineffective.
Laxatives are not indicated in the treatment of intussusception.
Doubling fluid intake would not help treat intussusception.

Question 16

Marasmus is most common in children of which age group?

Accepted Answer

Marasmus is most common in children younger than one.
Marasmus is most common in children younger than one,not 1 to 2 years.
Marasmus is most common in children younger than one,not 5 to 6 years.
Marasmus is most common in children younger than one,not 12 to 15 years.

Question 17

Meconium ileus is associated with which of the following disorders?

Accepted Answer

Meconium ileus is associated with cystic fibrosis.
Meconium ileus is associated with cystic fibrosis,not pyloric stenosis.
Meconium ileus is associated with cystic fibrosis,not esophageal atresias.
Meconium ileus is associated with cystic fibrosis,not esophagitis.

Question 18

A 6-month-old male infant is brought to the ER after the sudden development of abdominal pain,irritability,and vomiting followed by passing of "currant jelly" stool.Ultrasound reveals intestinal obstruction in which the ileum collapsed through the ileocecal valve and invaginated into the large intestine.This type of obstruction is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

These are symptoms of intussusception.
These are symptoms of intussusception,not prolapse.
These are symptoms of intussusception,not stenosis,which would be vomiting.
These are symptoms of intussusception,not imperforation,which would be a closed anal opening.

Question 19

A 13-month-old infant presents with vomiting; abdominal pain; and pale,bulky,greasy,and foul-smelling stools.A possible diagnosis the clinician would document on the chart might be:

Accepted Answer

Infants with gluten-sensitive enteropathy experience greasy stools.
Infants with failure to thrive experience weight loss,but not abnormal stools.
Infants with gastroesophageal reflux do not experience bulky,greasy stools.
Infants with meconium ileus do not experience bulky,greasy stools.

Question 20

The family learns that a 3D ultrasound of a 9-week fetus shows incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process.The family will be told that the child will be born with:

Accepted Answer

Cleft lip is caused by the incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process beginning the fourth week of embryonic development,a period of rapid development.
Cleft lip,not nasal passage atresia,occurs when there is lack of or incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process.
In esophageal atresia,the esophagus ends in a blind pouch.It is not associated with nasomedial processes.
Lack of dentition is not due to incomplete fusion of the processes.

Quiz 35: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children