Question 1

Leukocytes at the infected site are a symptom of

Accepted Answer

E

Question 2

The most common reservoir for leptospirosis within the United States is

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Which of the following is the most difficult to treat with chemotherapeutic agents?

Accepted Answer

Genital herpes is caused by a virus (herpes simplex virus) and viruses are generally more difficult to treat with chemotherapeutic agents than bacterial and protozoal infections, which are caused by organisms that can be targeted by specific antibiotics. There are antiviral medications available for herpes, but they are not curative and can only suppress the virus. The other options (gonorrhea, leptospirosis, syphilis, trichomoniasis) are caused by bacteria or protozoa, which can be treated more effectively with antibiotics.

Question 4

All of the following result from N. gonorrhoeae infection. Which one leads to the others?

Accepted Answer

The attachment of Opa protein to CD4⁺ T lymphocytes by N. gonorrhoeae is the initial event that leads to the other outcomes, such as inhibition of T cell proliferation, activation, and antibody production, and increased risk of other STIs.

Question 5

Pyelonephritis usually is caused by

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli is the most common cause of pyelonephritis.

Question 6

Cystitis is most often caused by

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli is the most common cause of cystitis, accounting for up to 90% of cases. The other options are not typically associated with cystitis.

Question 7

All of the following can cause congenital infection or infections of the newborn EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Lymphogranuloma venereum is primarily a sexually transmitted infection that affects the lymphatic system and is less commonly associated with congenital infections compared to the other options listed.

Question 8

Which of the following is greater?

Accepted Answer

According to the latest CDC data, there were approximately 616,000 reported cases of gonorrhea in the United States in 2019, while there were approximately 34,800 reported cases of AIDS in the same year. Therefore, the number of reported cases of gonorrhea last year is greater than the number of reported cases of AIDS.

Question 9

A urine sample collected directly from the urinary bladder

Accepted Answer

A urine sample collected directly from the urinary bladder is collected using a sterile catheter, therefore it should be sterile. If it contains bacteria, it indicates a urinary tract infection. Leukocyte esterase is an enzyme produced by white blood cells and indicates that there are white blood cells in the urine, which can be a sign of infection. The presence of more than 100,000 pathogens/ml indicates a significant bacterial infection, while the presence of fewer than 10,000 pathogens/ml is considered insignificant. The presence of fewer than 100 pathogens/ml would be extremely low and unlikely to cause infection.

Question 10

Which one of the following statements about genital warts is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Genital warts are not always precancerous. While certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause genital warts can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, not all cases of genital warts lead to cancer. However, it is still important for individuals with genital warts to seek medical treatment and regular screenings to monitor for any potential cancerous changes.

Question 11

One form of NGU is lymphogranuloma venereum caused by

Accepted Answer

Lymphogranuloma venereum is a form of NGU caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Question 12

Which of the following recurs at the initial site of infection?

Accepted Answer

Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus and is known to recur at the initial site of infection due to the virus's ability to remain latent in nerve cells and reactivate later.

Question 13

Staphylococcus saprophyticus causes

Accepted Answer

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common cause of urinary tract infections, particularly cystitis, in otherwise healthy young women. It is not associated with the other conditions listed.

Question 14

A 25- year- old male presented with fever, malaise, and a rash on his chest, arms, and feet. Diagnosis was based on serological testing. The patient then reported that he had an ulcer on his penis two months earlier. This disease can be treated with

Accepted Answer

The patient most likely has syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Penicillin is the preferred treatment for syphilis. Miconazole is an antifungal medication and would not be effective against a bacterial infection. Surgery may be necessary in some cases, but it is not the primary treatment for syphilis. Metronidazole is used for the treatment of bacterial and protozoal infections, but not syphilis. Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used for the treatment of herpes virus infections, which is not the cause of the patient's symptoms.

Question 15

Normal microbiota of the adult vagina consist primarily of

Accepted Answer

Lactobacillus is the primary organism found in the normal microbiota of the adult vagina. Neisseria and Streptococcus can be present, but they are not the primary organisms. Mycobacterium is not commonly found in the vagina, and Candida overgrowth can lead to infections such as yeast infections, but is not a normal part of the microbiota.

Question 16

A 25- year- old man presented with fever, malaise, and a rash on his chest, arms, and feet. Which of the following will be most useful for a rapid diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A serological test for antibodies would be most useful for a rapid diagnosis as it can detect the presence of specific antibodies produced in response to the pathogen causing the symptoms. This can help identify the type of infection and guide appropriate treatment. Viral or bacterial cultures may take longer and microscopic examination of blood may not be specific enough to diagnose the cause of the symptoms. Serological tests for antigen may not be sensitive enough to detect low levels of antigen in the early stages of infection.

Question 17

A patient is experiencing profuse greenish- yellow, foul- smelling discharge from her vagina. She is complaining of itching and irritation. What is the most likely treatment?

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described are consistent with bacterial vaginosis (BV), which is caused by an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the vagina. The most effective treatment for BV is metronidazole, as it is specifically directed against anaerobic bacteria. Miconazole is an antifungal medication and would not be effective in treating BV. Cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antibiotics that may be effective in some cases of vaginal infection, but they are not typically used as first-line therapy for BV. Acyclovir is an antiviral medication that would not be effective in treating bacterial vaginosis. No treatment is not a suitable option as bacterial vaginosis can lead to complications like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), preterm birth and low birth weight in pregnant women.

Question 18

Which of the following is caused by Chlamydia?

Accepted Answer

Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.

Question 19

A pelvic examination of a 23- year- old woman showed vesicles and ulcerated lesions on her labia. Cultures were negative for Neisseria and Chlamydia; the VDRL test was negative. Which treatment is appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Vesicles and ulcerated lesions on the labia are indicative of genital herpes, which is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). The negative tests for Neisseria and Chlamydia indicate that these common STDs are not the cause. The VDRL test is negative, ruling out syphilis. The appropriate treatment for genital herpes is acyclovir, which is a antiviral medication that can help to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. Surgery, miconazole, metronidazole, and penicillin are not appropriate for the treatment of genital herpes.

Question 20

Vaginal itching and cheesy discharge are symptoms of

Accepted Answer

Vaginal itching and cheesy discharge are typical symptoms of candidiasis, or a fungal infection caused by the overgrowth of yeast in the vagina. Gardnerella vaginosis (A) may also cause vaginal discharge and itching, but it usually has a fishy odor rather than a cheesy consistency. Lymphogranuloma venereum (B) is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause genital swelling and sores but typically not discharge. Genital herpes (C) typically causes painful sores or blisters around the genital area but may not produce discharge. Trichomoniasis (E) can also cause vaginal itching and discharge, but the discharge is typically yellow or green and frothy rather than cheesy.

Quiz 26: Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems