Question 1

Biologically based reactivity

Accepted Answer

Biologically based reactivity differentiates children with inhibited (shy) and uninhibited (sociable) temperaments. It refers to differences in how children react to new stimuli and situations, which has a significant impact on their overall temperament.

Question 2

In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study,_____ percent of the children did not fit any category and showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal...

Question 3

Four-month-old Max is easily upset by new sights and sounds.According to Kagan's research,Max probably has __________ than a social baby when faced with novelty.

Accepted Answer

Kagan's research suggests that infants who are more easily upset by new stimuli (such as Max) have a higher heart rate and a higher cortisol level. Cortisol is a hormone that is released in response to stress, so a higher level of cortisol suggests greater stress and anxiety in response to novelty.

Question 4

Temperament is assessed through

Accepted Answer

Temperament is assessed through parental reports and observations, as temperament includes a child's observable behaviors and emotions, as well as their reactivity and self-regulation. Parental reports and observations are necessary to gather objective information about a child's temperament. Self-report may not be accurate for young children, and delay-of-gratification tasks and the Strange Situation measure specific aspects of temperament rather than overall temperament.

Question 5

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines,is generally cheerful,and adapts easily to new experiences.In Thomas and Chess's research,Bindi would be classified as a(n)________ child.

Accepted Answer

Bindi exhibits characteristics associated with an "easy" child as described by Thomas and Chess - establishing routines, being cheerful, and adapting easily to new experiences.

Question 6

According to Thomas and Chess's research,__________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess's research identified "difficult" children as those who are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior due to their irregular routines, intense reactions, and difficulty adapting to new situations.

Question 7

Research on temperament indicates that

Accepted Answer

Research on temperament has shown that there are consistent ethnic and sex differences in early temperament, indicating that these traits can vary based on these factors.

Question 8

A key concept in Rothbart's model of infant temperament is

Accepted Answer

Rothbart's model of infant temperament includes three dimensions: negative affectivity, extraversion/surgency, and effortful control. Effortful control refers to an infant's ability to focus and shift attention, inhibit responses, and regulate emotions and behavior, and is a key concept in the model.

Question 9

To acquire effective social skills,inhibited children need

Accepted Answer

Inhibited children often struggle with social interactions due to their temperaments. Therefore, parenting strategies that are tailored to their individual needs can help them develop social skills. This may involve slower and more gradual exposure to social situations and providing reassurance and support throughout the process. Medication and increasing stressful situations are not necessarily effective or appropriate solutions, while permissive parenting may not provide the necessary structure and guidance for developing social skills.

Question 10

On average,________ of individual differences in temperament and personality have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup.

Accepted Answer

Research in behavioral genetics suggests that about half of the variation in temperament and personality can be attributed to genetic differences.

Question 11

Effortful control is

Accepted Answer

Effortful control is a major dimension of temperament that refers to an individual's ability to regulate their attention and respond in a deliberate manner rather than acting impulsively. This trait is thought to develop and change throughout childhood and adolescence, but it has its roots in early infancy.

Question 12

Persistent nutritional and emotional deprivation ___________ temperament.

Accepted Answer

Persistent nutritional and emotional deprivation can profoundly alter temperament. Studies have shown that children who experienced severe neglect and maltreatment in their early years exhibit altered brain development and have higher rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders later in life. This suggests that prolonged deprivation can have significant and long-lasting effects on a person's temperament.

Question 13

Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

The study by Thomas and Chess showed that certain temperamental traits can act as protective factors, helping children cope better with stress and adversity in their environments.

Question 14

Heritability research indicates that genes ______________ to shyness and sociability.

Accepted Answer

Heritability research suggests that genes contribute only modestly to traits like shyness and sociability, indicating that environmental factors also play a significant role.

Question 15

Most children classified by Thomas and Chess fell into the ________ category.

Accepted Answer

According to Thomas and Chess, most children fell into the "easy" category, which refers to children who have regular eating and sleeping habits, are generally cheerful, adapt easily to new situations, and typically have a positive approach to new experiences.

Question 16

Reactivity refers to the

Accepted Answer

Reactivity is defined as the quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. It refers to individual differences in how easily and intensely children respond to different stimuli in their environment.

Question 17

Long-term prediction of temperament can best be achieved after age 3 because

Accepted Answer

Temperament is considered to be biologically based and relatively stable, but it becomes more apparent and measurable as children grow older, making predictions more reliable after age 3.

Question 18

Overall stability of temperament is

Accepted Answer

The answer of Overall stability of temperament is
...

Question 19

Josh is irregular in daily routines,is slow to accept new experiences,and tends to react negatively and intensely.In Thomas and Chess's research,Josh would be classified as a(n)_________ child.

Accepted Answer

According to Thomas and Chess's research, a difficult child is slow to accept new experiences, irregular in daily routines, and tends to react negatively and intensely. This matches the description of Josh, making him a difficult child.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about Jerome Kagan's research on the development of shyness and sociability?

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan's research found that most children's initial temperamental dispositions, such as shyness or sociability, became less extreme as they grew older, indicating a degree of flexibility and change in temperament over time.

Quiz 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood