Question 1

A newborn is diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome.When obtaining the patient's history, which of the following is the most important predisposing factor for this condition?
A) Low birth weight
B) Alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy
C) Premature birth
D) Smoking by the mother during pregnancy

Accepted Answer

Premature birth is the most important predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome in newborns because their lungs may not have produced enough surfactant, which is crucial for keeping the air sacs in the lungs open.

Question 2

An infant was born 10 weeks premature and requires mechanical ventilation.Two months later, the infant presents with hypoxemia and hypercapnia.Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe documented on the chart?
A) Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
B) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
C) Bronchiolitis
D) Pneumonia

Accepted Answer

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic lung disease in premature infants who have required mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. It is characterized by hypoxemia and hypercapnia, especially in infants who were born very prematurely.

Question 3

What is the most likely cause of croup?
A) Bacteria
B) Acute hyperventilation
C) Allergy
D) Viral infection

Accepted Answer

Croup is most commonly caused by a viral infection, particularly the parainfluenza virus.

Question 4

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an _____ disease.
A) autosomal recessive
B) autosomal dominant
C) X-linked recessive
D) X-linked dominant

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent, to develop the condition.

Question 5

A newborn diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome is monitored for atelectasis because of:
A) a lack of surfactant.
B) pulmonary edema.
C) airway obstruction.
D) pulmonary fibrosis.

Accepted Answer

A lack of surfactant in newborns leads to respiratory distress syndrome and can cause atelectasis due to the increased surface tension in the alveoli, making them collapse.

Question 6

A 9 year old contracted influenza.Which of the following complications is of greatest concern to the nurse?
A) Chronic bronchitis
B) Bronchiolitis obliterans
C) Emphysema
D) Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 9 year old contracted influenza.Which of...

Question 7

A 13-year-old female is diagnosed with asthma.Which of the following should the nurse teach the patient to recognize as a part of an asthmatic attack?
A) Headache
B) Chest pain
C) Wheezing
D) Low heart rate

Accepted Answer

Wheezing is a common symptom of an asthmatic attack due to narrowed airways and difficulty in breathing.

Question 8

To help confirm a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in a 1-year-old child, which substance will be monitored for in the child's sweat?
A) Potassium
B) Chloride
C) Magnesium
D) Carbonic acid

Accepted Answer

Chloride is the substance that will be monitored in the child's sweat to help confirm a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

Question 9

During a respiratory assessment of an infant diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome, a depression in the supraclavicular and intercostal areas of the thorax was noted with inspiration.This observation is documented as:
A) grunting.
B) tachypnea.
C) retractions.
D) nasal flaring.

Accepted Answer

Retractions refer to the visible sinking of the chest wall, particularly in the supraclavicular and intercostal areas, during inspiration, indicating increased work of breathing.

Question 10

A 2-week-old female presents with fever, productive cough, respiratory distress, and empyema.Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart?
A) Viral pneumonia
B) Pneumococcal pneumonia
C) Staphylococcal pneumonia
D) Mycoplasma pneumonia

Accepted Answer

Staphylococcal pneumonia is more common in neonates and can lead to complications like empyema, which aligns with the symptoms presented.

Question 11

A 10 year old is diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea.When the parents ask, the nurse shares that the initial treatment will be:
A) tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A).
B) weight loss.
C) continuous positive airway pressure.
D) drug therapy.

Accepted Answer

Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) is often the first line of treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in children, especially if they have enlarged tonsils and adenoids contributing to the obstruction.

Question 12

A 5 year old presents with high fever, inspiratory stridor, severe respiratory distress, drooling, and dysphagia.Acute epiglottitis is suspected.When assessing the child, the nurse would avoid:
A) trying to keep the child calm.
B) examining the throat for redness.
C) auscultating the child's respiratory rate.
D) counting the heart rate apically.

Accepted Answer

Examining the throat for redness can cause further distress and potentially lead to airway obstruction in a child with suspected acute epiglottitis.

Question 13

A cardiovascular alteration seen in a newborn diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome includes:
A) left-to-right shunt.
B) left ventricular dilation.
C) pulmonary hypotension.
D) opening of fetal shunt pathways.

Accepted Answer

In respiratory distress syndrome, the newborn may experience hypoxia, leading to the reopening of fetal shunt pathways like the ductus arteriosus or foramen ovale to bypass the non-functioning lungs.

Question 14

An 11 year old presents with a low-grade fever and cough and is diagnosed with atypical pneumonia.What type of pneumonia does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
A) Pneumococcal pneumonia
B) Viral pneumonia
C) Mycoplasma pneumonia
D) Streptococcal pneumonia

Accepted Answer

Mycoplasma pneumonia is often referred to as "atypical pneumonia" and is common in school-aged children and young adults, presenting with symptoms like low-grade fever and cough.

Question 15

After nearly drowning a 2 year old developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Which of the following should the nurse assess the patient for?
A) Decreased heart rate
B) Increased lung compliance
C) Increased surfactant production
D) Hypoxemia

Accepted Answer

ARDS is characterized by hypoxemia due to impaired gas exchange, which is a key feature the nurse should assess for in the patient.

Question 16

A 7 month old presents with cystic fibrosis (CF) accompanied by failure to thrive and frequent, loose, and oily stools.Sweat testing confirms the diagnosis.Which of the following is characteristic of CF?
A) Autoantibodies that target the lungs and pancreas
B) Thick mucous sputum
C) Enzymes that degrade surfactant in the alveoli
D) A toxic amount of electrolytes from secretory glands

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis is characterized by the production of thick, sticky mucus, particularly in the lungs and digestive system, due to mutations in the CFTR gene affecting chloride ion transport.

Question 17

A 2 year old presents with fever and cough and is diagnosed with pneumonia.While planning treatment for this patient, the nurse recognizes that which of the following is the most likely cause?
A) Bacteria
B) Viruses
C) Mycoplasma species
D) Toxic inhalations

Accepted Answer

In young children, especially those under 5 years old, viral infections are the most common cause of pneumonia.

Question 18

A 6 month old presents with rhinorrhea, cough, poor feeding, lethargy, and fever and is diagnosed with bronchiolitis.Which of the following will the nurse most likely observe on the culture report?
A) Parainfluenza virus
B) Haemophilus influenzae type B
C) Respiratory syncytial virus
D) Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Accepted Answer

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants.

Question 19

A newborn experiencing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) will demonstrate signs:
A) within minutes of birth.
B) 2-3 hours after birth.
C) within the first 12-24 hours after birth.
D) 24-48 hours after exposure to an infectious organism.

Accepted Answer

Newborns with respiratory distress syndrome typically show signs within minutes of birth due to insufficient surfactant in the lungs.

Question 20

Which pathology is characteristic of asthma?
A) Increased lung volumes
B) Expiratory wheezing
C) Air trapping
D) Dead space

Accepted Answer

Expiratory wheezing is a characteristic pathology of asthma due to the narrowing of the airways, causing turbulent airflow and producing a whistling sound during exhalation.

Quiz 30: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

A newborn is diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome.When obtaining the patient's history, which of the following is the most important predisposing factor for this condition?

An infant was born 10 weeks premature and requires mechanical ventilation.Two months later, the infant presents with hypoxemia and hypercapnia.Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe documented on the chart?

What is the most likely cause of croup?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an _____ disease.

A newborn diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome is monitored for atelectasis because of:

A 9 year old contracted influenza.Which of the following complications is of greatest concern to the nurse?

A 13-year-old female is diagnosed with asthma.Which of the following should the nurse teach the patient to recognize as a part of an asthmatic attack?

To help confirm a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in a 1-year-old child, which substance will be monitored for in the child's sweat?

During a respiratory assessment of an infant diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome, a depression in the supraclavicular and intercostal areas of the thorax was noted with inspiration.This observation is documented as:

A 2-week-old female presents with fever, productive cough, respiratory distress, and empyema.Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart?

A 10 year old is diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea.When the parents ask, the nurse shares that the initial treatment will be:

A 5 year old presents with high fever, inspiratory stridor, severe respiratory distress, drooling, and dysphagia.Acute epiglottitis is suspected.When assessing the child, the nurse would avoid:

A cardiovascular alteration seen in a newborn diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome includes:

An 11 year old presents with a low-grade fever and cough and is diagnosed with atypical pneumonia.What type of pneumonia does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?

After nearly drowning a 2 year old developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) .Which of the following should the nurse assess the patient for?

A 7 month old presents with cystic fibrosis (CF) accompanied by failure to thrive and frequent, loose, and oily stools.Sweat testing confirms the diagnosis.Which of the following is characteristic of CF?

A 2 year old presents with fever and cough and is diagnosed with pneumonia.While planning treatment for this patient, the nurse recognizes that which of the following is the most likely cause?

A 6 month old presents with rhinorrhea, cough, poor feeding, lethargy, and fever and is diagnosed with bronchiolitis.Which of the following will the nurse most likely observe on the culture report?

A newborn experiencing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) will demonstrate signs:

Which pathology is characteristic of asthma?