Question 1

The expectation that people should return help,not harm,to those who have helped them is called the

Accepted Answer

The expectation that people should return help, not harm, to those who have helped them is a form of reciprocity norm. This norm refers to the societal expectation that individuals will respond in kind to the actions of others - that is, positive actions will be met with positive actions and negative actions with negative ones. It is often viewed as a fundamental aspect of social exchange and a way to maintain social relationships by ensuring that people are willing to help one another.

Question 2

In one experiment,White Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed

Accepted Answer

Reading about a common external threat can lead to a sense of shared identity and common fate among members of an in-group, in this case, Americans. This shared identity can temporarily reduce in-group biases and prejudices, such as those against African-Americans, by emphasizing the in-group's unity against the external threat.

Question 3

Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with

Accepted Answer

Noncompetitive contact between individuals of different ethnic groups is most effective in reducing prejudice when the contact occurs between individuals of equal status. This reduces the power dynamic and allows individuals to interact on a level playing field, promoting positive relationships and reducing prejudice. Ingroup bias refers to favoritism towards individuals of one's own group and is not relevant to reducing prejudice between groups. Implicit prejudice and mirror-image perceptions refer to cognitive biases that fuel prejudice and do not necessarily relate to the effectiveness of intergroup contact.

Question 4

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the

Accepted Answer

The social-responsibility norm is the expectation that people will help those who depend on them, such as children, the elderly, or individuals with disabilities. This norm is driven by a sense of duty to help those who are vulnerable and is a key aspect of prosocial behavior. The other options (ingroup bias, just-world phenomenon, superordinate goal) are all different concepts that do not address the expectation to help those in need.

Question 5

Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Neither realized,however,that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop

Accepted Answer

The situation described in the scenario could have a win-win solution if Pablo and Sabina communicated and cooperated with each other instead of arguing. They could have come to a compromise where they both get to use the car at their respective preferred times, rather than insisting on individual ownership of the car. This failure to arrive at a mutually beneficial solution illustrates the lack of development of win-win solutions.

Question 6

Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by

Accepted Answer

Sherif's experiment aimed to study how a superordinate goal (the need for water) could bring together two previously hostile groups (the Eagles and Rattlers) and create cooperation and friendship. Therefore, the correct option is C, superordinate goals.

Question 7

To a social psychologist,a perceived incompatibility of goals is indicative of

Accepted Answer

A perceived incompatibility of goals is the basis of conflict, which is the disagreement or opposition among individuals or groups regarding their perceived incompatible goals, interests or desires. Inequity is a perception of unfairness or injustice in the distribution of resources, while prejudice refers to attitudes or beliefs that are based on preconceived notions or stereotypes about a particular group of people. Reciprocity is the principle of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit or gain.

Question 8

Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry,so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately,Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The situation demonstrates mirror-image perceptions, where both Haley and Keith misinterpret each other's behavior based on their own assumptions and expectations. They are essentially reciprocating negative perceptions of each other, which can lead to a communication breakdown. Superordinate goals refer to shared objectives that can bring people together despite their differences, while the reciprocity norm is a social norm that promotes mutual exchange and cooperation. Deindividuation pertains to the loss of individual awareness and self-restraint in group settings.

Question 9

University College London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another volunteer's finger,after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically responded to the pressure on their finger

Accepted Answer

The study found that people tend to apply more pressure than they experienced, likely due to a perceptual bias or miscalibration in sensory feedback.

Question 10

Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by

Accepted Answer

Sherif's study found that when two groups of boys were exposed to tasks that required joint cooperation, it reduced conflict the most effectively. This is because it created a common goal that both groups had to work towards, thereby reducing the "us vs. them" mentality that led to conflict. Bringing the groups into close contact or having one group make conciliatory gestures may not necessarily address underlying issues and could actually exacerbate conflict. Allowing leaders of the two groups to communicate could help, but may not be as effective as creating a shared goal.

Question 11

An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

Accepted Answer

Interracial contact refers to interactions and relationships between people of different racial and ethnic groups. Research has shown that increased interracial contact can lead to more positive attitudes and decreased prejudice between different racial groups. This has been observed in South Africa, where increased contact between Whites and Blacks has been followed by more positive attitudes towards each other.

Question 12

Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels,most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of

Accepted Answer

This scenario best illustrates the dynamics of a social trap, where individuals, motivated by self-interest, behave in a way that ultimately harms the collective well-being. Even though the government warned of a fuel shortage, individuals continued to consume more than necessary, believing their actions would not make a significant difference. This behavior contributes to the overall fuel shortage, resulting in a negative outcome for everyone.

Question 13

A social trap is a situation in which

Accepted Answer

A social trap occurs when individuals pursue their self-interest, ultimately leading to collective harm. This is often due to a lack of consideration for the long-term consequences or the effects on others. In a social trap, individuals are often locked into destructive patterns of behavior that are difficult to change. The tragedy of the commons is a classic example of a social trap, where individuals overuse a shared resource, leading to its depletion and harm to all involved.

Question 14

To help people avoid social traps,psychologists should promote an increased awareness of

Accepted Answer

The social-responsibility norm encourages individuals to act in ways that benefit others and society, helping to avoid social traps where individual interests conflict with collective well-being.

Question 15

If one were to generalize from Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers,the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to

Accepted Answer

Sherif's study found that conflict resolution between groups can be facilitated by having them work together towards a common goal that requires their cooperation, such as the joint space program proposed in option C. This would provide both countries with a shared sense of purpose and achievement, which could improve their relationship. Options A, B, and D do not necessarily address the root causes of the conflict between the United States and China, and may not be effective in improving their relationship.

Question 16

Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate

Accepted Answer

Mirror-image perceptions refer to two conflicting groups perceiving the other as having the same negative characteristics they themselves possess. This often leads to a lack of trust and an escalation in conflict.

Question 17

Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more likely than those who do not attend religious services to

Accepted Answer

Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more likely to report that they are currently aiding the poor and infirm. This suggests that religious attendance is associated with more prosocial behavior like helping others.

Question 18

Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of

Accepted Answer

The situation described is an example of a social trap, in which individuals' self-interest results in a negative outcome for the group as a whole. Despite warnings about the impact of greenhouse gases on the environment, the individual continues to prioritize their own convenience by using a fuel-inefficient car, contributing to the overall problem of climate change.

Question 19

After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization,Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

The reciprocity norm suggests that we should repay others who have given something to us or done something for us. Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to make a donation after receiving the free ornament, which is an example of the reciprocity norm in action.

Question 20

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as

Accepted Answer

Superordinate goals are goals that require the cooperation of individuals or groups with divergent interests and that are overarching, meaning they override differences among people. These goals foster a sense of unity and common purpose, leading to increased cooperation and reduced intergroup conflict.

Quiz 3: Self-Concept: Who Am I