Question 1

In one experiment,White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as peace and paradise as "good" when the words were associated with Black-sounding names rather than White-sounding names. This best illustrated

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates implicit prejudice, which refers to the unconscious, automatic associations or attitudes one might hold towards other groups, in this case, showing a bias in associating positive words with different racial groups based on the names that sound Black or White.

Question 2

At a conscious level,Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of races different from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between

Accepted Answer

Aaron's conscious level of thinking represents his explicit attitude, which is where he believes he is not prejudiced. However, his automatic discomfort around people of different races shows his implicit attitude, which is his unconscious bias. Therefore, the distinction between Aaron's explicit and implicit attitudes best represents the distinction between explicit and implicit attitudes (choice C).

Question 3

If poverty causes high rates of crime,the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The blame-the-victim dynamic refers to the tendency to hold individuals responsible for their own misfortunes, even when their circumstances are beyond their control. In this case, those living in poverty are unfairly discriminated against because of their association with high crime rates, despite the fact that poverty is a contributing factor to the crime.

Question 4

Compared with numerical majorities,numerical minorities,such as the Scots in Britain,are especially conscious of their

Accepted Answer

Numerical minorities, such as the Scots in Britain, are more aware of their social identities because they are in the minority and often face challenges and discrimination based on their minority status. This can lead to a stronger sense of group identity and a desire to maintain and assert that identity.

Question 5

According to the scapegoat theory,prejudice is likely to result from

Accepted Answer

The scapegoat theory suggests that when people are frustrated, they are more likely to blame and discriminate against others who are seen as different or who are part of a marginalized group. Therefore, prejudice is likely to result from frustration, making choice D the best answer. Option A refers to the tendency to perceive members of other races as being more homogeneous than members of one's own race, while option B describes the belief that people get what they deserve in life. Option C refers to favoring individuals who are part of one's own group over those who are not, but this is not directly related to the scapegoat theory.

Question 6

When shown computer-generated faces that are slightly feminized or slightly masculinized,people prefer the slightly ________ faces. Women are most likely to perceive a man with a slightly ________ face as having placed a personal ad seeking a "special lady to love and cherish."

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that people generally prefer faces that are slightly feminized, regardless of the gender of the face. This preference is thought to be because slightly feminized features are associated with traits such as kindness, warmth, and honesty. Additionally, women are more likely to perceive men with slightly feminized faces as seeking a long-term relationship, hence the association with placing a personal ad seeking a "special lady to love and cherish."

Question 7

The set of people perceived as different from "us" is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

An outgroup is a group of people who are perceived as different from us, or those who do not belong to our own group. This can lead to prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping of the outgroup. The other answer choices are related to different psychological phenomena, but do not accurately describe the concept of viewing others as different or separate from our own group.

Question 8

Priming people with a flashed Black face rather than a flashed White face makes them more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. This best illustrates the subtle character of

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon demonstrates implicit racial associations, as being primed with a Black face leads to quicker misperceptions of tools as guns due to the subconscious association between Blackness and violence in some individuals.

Question 9

Placing people into groups based on the arbitrary outcome of a coin toss leads people to show favoritism to their own group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes ingroup bias, where individuals tend to show favoritism towards members of their own group, even when groups are formed arbitrarily. The coin toss serves as a minimal group categorization, leading individuals to display ingroup bias.

Question 10

Ingroup bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice.

Accepted Answer

Ingroup bias refers to the tendency to favor one's own group over other groups. This bias is rooted in social identities, which are the groups that we identify with and feel a sense of belonging to. Therefore, the impact of our social identities on prejudice is best illustrated by ingroup bias. Out of the other options, superordinate goals, deindividuation, and reciprocity norms may play a role in reducing prejudice, but they do not specifically refer to the impact of social identities on prejudice.

Question 11

People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as ________ each other and the members of an ingroup as ________ each other.

Accepted Answer

People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as similar to each other (outgroup homogeneity effect) and the members of an ingroup as different from each other, reflecting a nuanced understanding of individual differences within their own group.

Question 12

In laboratory experiments,merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. This reaction is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

The just-world phenomenon is the tendency for people to believe that the world is fair and that individuals get what they deserve. In the context of the experiment, observers may rationalize the victim's pain as deserved punishment, leading them to think less of the victim.

Question 13

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This is an example of ingroup bias, where individuals tend to favor and believe their own group is superior to other groups. In this case, children view their school (ingroup) as superior to other schools (outgroups) in the same town.

Question 14

The tendency to categorize people on the basis of their gender is most likely to lead Jack to believe that

Accepted Answer

The tendency to categorize people based on their gender leads to making assumptions about their attitudes, behaviors, and preferences. Therefore, Jack is likely to believe that all women have similar attitudes about sex, which is a stereotypical belief.

Question 15

Montel,a White university student,is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation,Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

According to the scapegoat theory, individuals who are frustrated and feel powerless may lash out by blaming others for their problems. Montel's poor academic performance and resulting probation may have left him feeling frustrated and powerless, leading him to blame racial minority students and staff for his struggles.

Question 16

When Americans were surveyed about their gender preferences if they could have only one child,a ________ reported having a gender preference. Of those who had a gender preference,the _______ said they would prefer a girl.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Americans were surveyed about their gender...

Question 17

In one study,researchers found that police officers judge Black faces that appear more typical of their race to be more

Accepted Answer

The study found that police officers judged Black faces that appeared more typical of their race to be more criminal. This is a manifestation of unconscious bias and contributes to the over-policing and disproportionate incarceration of Black individuals.

Question 18

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of

Accepted Answer

The just-world phenomenon refers to the tendency for people to believe that the world is a fair and just place where individuals get what they deserve. This can lead people to believe that victims of natural disasters must have done something to deserve their fate, and therefore are being punished by God.

Question 19

Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of

Accepted Answer

Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup may help people bolster their own self-esteem by feeling superior to that group.

Question 20

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying

Accepted Answer

Prejudice often arises as a way of justifying social inequalities. When one group has more power or resources than another, they may use prejudice to maintain their status and rationalize why they deserve to have more. This can lead to discrimination and mistreatment of the less powerful group.

Quiz 3: Self-Concept: Who Am I