Question 1

What are some of the special considerations researchers must consider when performing association analyses such as correlations and cross-tabulations?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are some of the special considerations...

Question 2

Define and discuss Chi-square analysis and its use in cross-tabulation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define and discuss Chi-square analysis and its...

Question 3

A table of Chi-square values contains critical points that determine the break between the acceptance and rejection regions at various levels of significance.

Accepted Answer

A table of Chi-square values contains critical points that determine the break between the acceptance and rejection regions at various levels of significance.

Question 4

The Chi-square distribution is skewed to the right and the rejection region is always at the right-hand tail of the distribution.

Accepted Answer

The Chi-square distribution is indeed skewed to the right and the rejection region, which represents extreme or unlikely outcomes, is located at the upper or right-hand tail of the distribution. This is because the Chi-square test is usually used to assess whether the observed data deviate significantly from the expected data, and larger values of the test statistic (Chi-square value) indicate stronger evidence against the null hypothesis of no difference or association. Therefore, it is more likely to reject the null hypothesis when the Chi-square value is far away from the mean or expected value of the distribution, which occurs in the upper tail of the distribution.

Question 5

To reveal the nonmonotonic relationships found to be significant in cross-tabulation tables,researchers often turn to PowerPoint presentations,as pictures will show the relationships well.

Accepted Answer

Researchers often use statistical methods such as logistic regression or correlation coefficients to reveal and analyze nonmonotonic relationships, rather than relying solely on PowerPoint presentations or pictorial representations.

Question 6

Unlike other types of statistical distributions,the Chi-square distribution's shape is determined by the number of degrees of constriction.

Accepted Answer

The Chi-square distribution's shape is determined by the number of degrees of freedom, not constriction.

Question 7

During Chi-square analysis,observed frequencies are compared to expected frequencies,which are defined as the theoretical frequencies that are derived from this hypothesis of no association between the two variables.

Accepted Answer

During Chi-square analysis, observed frequencies are compared to expected frequencies which are theoretical frequencies derived from the null hypothesis of no association between the two variables.

Question 8

What is the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient? How does the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient indicate not only degree of association but also the direction?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the Pearson product moment correlation...

Question 9

Associations can be characterized by presence,direction,and strength,depending on the scaling assumptions of the questions being compared.Discuss how these characteristics are readily seen in correlation analysis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Associations can be characterized by presence,direction,and strength,depending...

Question 10

Depending on its type,a relationship is usually characterized in three ways: by its presence,direction,and strength of association.Discuss these three ways of characterizing relationships and their meaning relative to association.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Depending on its type,a relationship is usually...

Question 11

There are instances in which a marketing researcher wants to see if there is a relationship between the responses to one question and the responses to another question in the same survey.Identify the four types of possible relationships.Discuss how they are differentiated.

Accepted Answer

The answer of There are instances in which a marketing...

Question 12

A correlation coefficient merely investigates the presence,strength,and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Correlation coefficient only measures the linear relationship and not other types of relationships between two variables. It ranges from -1 to +1, where a positive value indicates a positive linear relationship, a negative value indicates a negative linear relationship, and 0 indicates no linear relationship.

Question 13

With respect to Chi-square analysis describe observed and expected frequencies.What is the relationship between observed/expected frequencies and the Chi-square statistic?

Accepted Answer

The answer of With respect to Chi-square analysis describe observed...

Question 14

The formal procedure for Chi-square analysis begins when the researcher formulates a statistical null hypothesis that the two variables under investigation are not associated in the population.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The formal procedure for Chi-square analysis starts with the researcher formulating a null hypothesis that there is no association between the variables being studied in the population.

Question 15

Bar charts can be used to"see"a nonmonotonic relationship.

Accepted Answer

Bar charts can be used to display data in a way that allows for comparison and identification of patterns, including nonmonotonic relationships where the relationship between variables may not be strictly increasing or decreasing.

Question 16

When dealing with Chi-square,it is always necessary for the researcher to state a hypothesis in a formal sense.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When dealing with Chi-square,it is always necessary...

Question 17

Chi-square analysis is best interpreted as a prerequisite to looking more closely at the two variables to discern the nature of the association that exists between them.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. While chi-square analysis can determine if there is a statistically significant association between two variables, it cannot provide information about the direction, strength, or nature of the association. Therefore, further investigation may be needed to explore the relationship between the variables.

Question 18

There is an orderly procedure for determining the presence,direction,and strength of a relationship.Outline and briefly discuss the six steps involved in the procedure for analyzing the relationship between two variables.

Accepted Answer

The answer of There is an orderly procedure for determining...

Question 19

The Chi-square test statistic summarizes how close to the expected frequencies the observed cell frequencies are found to be.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Chi-square test statistic summarizes how close...

Question 20

Association analysis(including the correlation coefficient)explicitly assumes a cause-and-effect relationship,which is a condition of one variable bringing about the other variable.

Accepted Answer

Association analysis, including the correlation coefficient, does not assume a cause-and-effect relationship. It only shows the degree of relationship between two variables, not which one causes the other.

Quiz 14: Making Use of Associations Tests

What are some of the special considerations researchers must consider when performing association analyses such as correlations and cross-tabulations?

Define and discuss Chi-square analysis and its use in cross-tabulation.

A table of Chi-square values contains critical points that determine the break between the acceptance and rejection regions at various levels of significance.

The Chi-square distribution is skewed to the right and the rejection region is always at the right-hand tail of the distribution.

To reveal the nonmonotonic relationships found to be significant in cross-tabulation tables,researchers often turn to PowerPoint presentations,as pictures will show the relationships well.

Unlike other types of statistical distributions,the Chi-square distribution's shape is determined by the number of degrees of constriction.

During Chi-square analysis,observed frequencies are compared to expected frequencies,which are defined as the theoretical frequencies that are derived from this hypothesis of no association between the two variables.

What is the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient? How does the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient indicate not only degree of association but also the direction?

Associations can be characterized by presence,direction,and strength,depending on the scaling assumptions of the questions being compared.Discuss how these characteristics are readily seen in correlation analysis.

Depending on its type,a relationship is usually characterized in three ways: by its presence,direction,and strength of association.Discuss these three ways of characterizing relationships and their meaning relative to association.

There are instances in which a marketing researcher wants to see if there is a relationship between the responses to one question and the responses to another question in the same survey.Identify the four types of possible relationships.Discuss how they are differentiated.

A correlation coefficient merely investigates the presence,strength,and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.

With respect to Chi-square analysis describe observed and expected frequencies.What is the relationship between observed/expected frequencies and the Chi-square statistic?

The formal procedure for Chi-square analysis begins when the researcher formulates a statistical null hypothesis that the two variables under investigation are not associated in the population.

Bar charts can be used to"see"a nonmonotonic relationship.

When dealing with Chi-square,it is always necessary for the researcher to state a hypothesis in a formal sense.

Chi-square analysis is best interpreted as a prerequisite to looking more closely at the two variables to discern the nature of the association that exists between them.

There is an orderly procedure for determining the presence,direction,and strength of a relationship.Outline and briefly discuss the six steps involved in the procedure for analyzing the relationship between two variables.

The Chi-square test statistic summarizes how close to the expected frequencies the observed cell frequencies are found to be.

Association analysis(including the correlation coefficient)explicitly assumes a cause-and-effect relationship,which is a condition of one variable bringing about the other variable.