Question 1

You can increase the likelihood of developing a pseudomemory of an event that never occurred by vividly imagining the event.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that vividly imagining an event can create false memories or pseudomemories of the event, increasing the likelihood that a person may recall the imagined event as a real memory.

Question 2

One kind of script, called a schema, involves a typical sequence of actions and behaviors at a common event, such as eating in a restaurant or taking a plane trip.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One kind of script, called a schema,...

Question 3

Despite the claims of those who advocate recovery therapy,most survivors of trauma are troubled by NOT being able to forget details surrounding the traumatic experience.

Accepted Answer

Most survivors of trauma have intrusive memories, flashbacks and nightmares about the traumatic event, and struggle with an inability to forget details surrounding the experience. Recovery therapy can help them learn coping strategies to manage these symptoms, but it does not necessarily lead to forgetting the trauma.

Question 4

Complete repression of all memories of abuse is most likely when the abuse has occurred on repeated occasions over the course of months or years.

Accepted Answer

Complete repression of memories, especially over repeated and prolonged abuse, is not supported by scientific evidence. While some individuals may have difficulty recalling specific details, complete repression is rare.

Question 5

The terms schema and engram mean the same thing.

Accepted Answer

Schema refers to a cognitive framework or mental model that organizes and interprets information, while engram refers to a hypothetical physical or biochemical memory trace in the brain. They are not the same thing.

Question 6

Therapy that involves the recovery of so-called repressed memories through hypnosis and other suggestive techniques can produce false memories that feel just as real as authentic memories.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have shown that the use of suggestive techniques in therapy can lead to the creation of false memories that feel just as real as genuine memories. This is due to the malleability of human memory and the fact that the brain can easily fill in gaps or create new information based on suggestions or expectations. It is therefore important to approach the recovery of repressed memories with caution and to seek out evidence-based therapeutic techniques that minimize the risk of false memories.

Question 7

Psychologist Stephen Lindsay had participants look at their first-grade class photo and read a description of a prank they were led to believe they had committed in the first grade-putting Slime in the teacher's desk. Participants who looked attheir first-grade photo were much more likely to believe they had committed the prank than participants who did not look at their first-grade photo.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately reflects the results of Stephen Lindsay's study. Participants who looked at their first-grade photo were more likely to have a clear memory of the prank, even if they did not actually commit it. This is known as the photo identification effect.

Question 8

Karl Lashley originally believed that the engram, or memory trace, was stored in a particular area of the brain.

Accepted Answer

Karl Lashley initially believed that memories were localized to specific areas of the brain, but through extensive experiments, he eventually concluded that memories are distributed throughout the entire brain rather than being stored in a single location.

Question 9

In both the "professor's office" study and the study about"Jack" performing everyday activities, participants experienced compelling false memories about details that would have been consistent with the situation.

Accepted Answer

Both studies found that participants experienced false memories about details that were consistent with the situation they were asked to imagine or recall.

Question 10

Contemporary research suggests that complex memories are distributed throughout the brain.

Accepted Answer

Complex memories involve multiple regions of the brain, rather than being localized in one specific area. This is supported by studies using neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI.

Question 11

The "lost-in-the-mall" technique was developed by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus and involves leading participants through an unfamiliar shopping center or malland then asking them to retrace the path back to the starting point.

Accepted Answer

The "lost-in-the-mall" technique was developed by Elizabeth Loftus to study false memories by implanting a fabricated memory of being lost in a mall during childhood, not leading participants through a mall.

Question 12

Imagining some event in the past as different from the way it actually occurred can help you enhance the accuracy of that particular memory.

Accepted Answer

Imagining events differently can actually lead to false memories and a decrease in overall accuracy. It is important to rely on factual evidence and avoid distorting memories through imagination.

Question 13

Psychologist James Lampinen had participants listen to astory about a guy named "Jack" who performed some everyday activities, like washing his car and taking his dog tothe veterinarian for shots. When tested for details, Lampinen found that participants were more likely to remember actions that were inconsistent with the activity rather than actions that were consistent with the activity.

Accepted Answer

This is true according to the information provided. Participants were more likely to remember actions that were inconsistent with the activity.

Question 14

One of the key factors that contributes to "imaginationinflation" is that repeatedly imagining an event makes the event seem increasingly familiar.

Accepted Answer

Repeatedly imagining an event can create a sense of familiarity, which can lead to imagination inflation. This phenomenon occurs when individuals begin to include details in their memories that were not actually present during the event, but were imagined afterwards.

Question 15

In the study in which participants were asked to recall details about the psychology professor's office, many participants erroneously remembered objects that were not in the office but that did fit their schema of a typical professor's office.

Accepted Answer

The article states that "many participants falsely recalled objects that were consistent with their schema of a professor's office but were not present in the actual office."

Question 16

Richard Thompson proposed that memories of simple behaviors were stored in specific locations in the cerebellum.

Accepted Answer

Richard Thompson's experiments supported the idea that memories of simple behaviors, such as eyeblink conditioning, were stored in specific locations in the cerebellum.

Question 17

The notion of "imagination inflation" is the idea that over the course of time, people "inflate" the importance of their own behavior in determining the course of events over their lifetime.

Accepted Answer

Imagination inflation refers to the phenomenon where imagining an event increases the likelihood of believing that the event actually occurred.

Question 18

After many years of research, Karl Lashley concluded that memories were distributed throughout the brain rather than stored in a particular area.

Accepted Answer

This is true. Karl Lashley's research suggested that memories are not localized to one specific area of the brain, but rather are distributed throughout the brain.

Question 19

Recovery therapists have been criticized for using highly suggestive techniques, such as hypnosis, in trying to "recover"supposedly repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse.

Accepted Answer

Recovery therapists have been criticized for using highly suggestive techniques, such as hypnosis, to try and recover supposedly repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. These techniques have been found to lead to false memories and allegations, and have been discredited by many experts in the field of psychology.

Question 20

Richard Thompson discovered that the memory trace of a simple conditioned reflex in a rabbit was, as Lashley hadconcluded, distributed throughout the brain.

Accepted Answer

Richard Thompson discovered that the memory trace of a simple conditioned reflex in a rabbit was localized in the cerebellum, not distributed throughout the brain.

Quiz 6: Memory