Question 1

When Kate got home, Guy rummaged through the grocery sack, then said, "Kate, you forgot the dental floss and the coffee creamer! They were the last two things I told you to get!Don't you remember me saying that?" That Kate remembered to get the first items on the list is a pattern of remembering called:

Accepted Answer

The pattern of Kate remembering the first items on the list, but forgetting the last two, is an example of the primacy effect. This effect states that we are more likely to remember the first items on a list because they are rehearsed and encoded more deeply in our memories.

Question 2

The "phonological loop" and the "visuospatial sketchpad" are:

Accepted Answer

The "phonological loop" and the "visuospatial sketchpad" are two of the three components in psychologist Alan Baddeley's model of working memory, along with the "central executive." They refer to the temporary storage and manipulation of auditory-verbal information and visual-spatial information, respectively.

Question 3

Why did Karl Lashley fail to uncover the area of the rat'sbrain in which the memory trace of the maze was stored or located?

Accepted Answer

Lashley failed to uncover the area of the rat's brain in which the memory trace of the maze was stored or located because a rat's memory for maze running is not a single memory but a complex set of interrelated memories involving information from multiple senses and is distributed throughout the brain and not localized in the cortex. Lashley was looking for a specific area of the brain, but the memory was spread across multiple areas, making it difficult to pinpoint a single location.

Question 4

Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus had participants in one study watch a film about an auto accident, write a description of the accident, and then answer a series of questions, which were different for different groups of participants. A week later, the participants were questioned again. What was one basic finding of the study?

Accepted Answer

The study conducted by Elizabeth Loftus found that participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "smashed into each other" mistakenly remembered seeing broken glass in the film, which is an example of the misinformation effect. This highlights how phrasing of questions can influence memories and perceptions of events.

Question 5

Mason was absolutely certain that he knew the name of the actress who played the character of Monica on the popular television series Friends, but he could not think of her name.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

The situation described is a classic example of a tip-of-the-tongue experience, where a person knows that they know a piece of information but struggle to retrieve it from memory. In this case, Mason knows who played Monica on Friends but can't recall her name. Prospective memory refers to remembering to carry out intended actions, while source amnesia is forgetting where or how we acquired a piece of information. The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory of an event is altered due to receiving misleading information about it.

Question 6

Whenever Carlos reaches for the silverware, he keeps reaching for the drawer that used to contain the silverware.Carlos's failure to remember the new location of the silverware is probably due to:

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when prior learning interferes with the recall of new information. In this case, Carlos's prior memory of the silverware being in a specific drawer is interfering with his ability to remember the new location, leading him to keep reaching for the old location.

Question 7

Adam vividly remembers the accident that sent him to the emergency room for stitches. This is an example of which type of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is the type of long-term memory that involves recollection of specific events or experiences in one's life, such as Adam's recollection of the accident that sent him to the emergency room for stitches.

Question 8

The Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology section provides several techniques and suggestions to enhance your memory of information. Which of the following is one of those suggestions?

Accepted Answer

One of the suggestions to enhance memory of information is to take the distributed practice approach to learning new information, which involves spacing out practice sessions and allowing time for the brain to consolidate the information.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the key brain structures involved in encoding and storing memories?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is not typically considered a key brain structure involved in encoding and storing memories. Instead, it is involved in regulating a variety of important bodily functions such as hunger, thirst, and body temperature. The hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum are all known to play important roles in memory processes.

Question 10

The famous case of the man known as H.M. illustrates the important role played by _____ in the formation of new memories.

Accepted Answer

The famous case of H.M. involved the removal of his hippocampus in an effort to reduce his severe epilepsy. This resulted in severe amnesia and an inability to form new long-term memories, indicating the critical role of the hippocampus in memory formation.

Question 11

What is the "lost-in-the-mall" technique?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the "lost-in-the-mall" technique?
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Question 12

Research with the sea snail Aplysia has demonstrated that:

Accepted Answer

Studies with Aplysia have shown that forming a new memory involves changes in both the function and structure of neurons. This is known as synaptic plasticity or long-term potentiation (LTP), and has been demonstrated in simpler nervous systems like that of the sea snail.

Question 13

Another name for implicit memory is _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory is also known as nondeclarative memory, as it involves unconscious processes that are not easily brought into conscious awareness. This type of memory includes skills and habits, priming, and classical conditioning.

Question 14

In telling the detective everything she could recall about what happened when she went into the bank to make a deposit,Lynn got to the point that she could not recall any more details. At that point, Lynn was probably experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Lynn's inability to recall more details can be attributed to retrieval cue failure, where she could not access the necessary cues or information to prompt her memory. Retroactive interference and source amnesia involve more specific situations or causes, and inattentional blindness involves not perceiving something in the first place, which is not the case here.

Question 15

"My first memory? I can remember the nature walks that our preschool class took almost every day. It was really just a city park that had a small lake and was about three blocks away,but I remember all of us walking in pairs, holding hands, and crossing the streets." According to the research discussed inthe Culture and Human Behavior box, memories of general,group activities centered on family or community members were most likely to be:

Accepted Answer

According to the research discussed in the Culture and Human Behavior box, memories of general, group activities centered on family or community members were most likely to be reported by Chinese and Taiwanese college students. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about long-term memory isFALSE?

Accepted Answer

The three components of working memory, not long-term memory, are the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive.

Question 17

When asked to define the learning concept negative reinforcement, Hannah replied, "Negative reinforcement iswhen you perform a behavior that stops or lets you avoid an unpleasant stimulus, so you're more likely to repeat the behavior when you encounter the same unpleasant stimulus inthe future." Hannah's answer reflects which category of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Hannah's response reflects a factual understanding of the concept of negative reinforcement, which falls under the category of semantic memory that deals with factual information and meanings.

Quiz 6: Memory