Question 1

According to the humanistic perspective in psychology, an individual's subjective perception of his or her self is the most important factor in personality.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and subjective experiences in shaping personality. Therefore, an individual's subjective perception of his or her self is considered a key factor in personality according to this perspective.

Question 2

In Carl Jung's theory of personality, culturally-universal themes such as the hero, the nurturing mother, the powerful father, and the innocent child represent archetypes.

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung believed in the existence of archetypes, which are culturally-universal patterns of behavior and symbols that are found across different cultures and time periods. Some of these archetypes include the hero, the nurturing mother, the powerful father, and the innocent child.

Question 3

According to Albert Bandura, the most basic human motive is the actualizing tendency, the drive to maintain and enhance the self.

Accepted Answer

According to Albert Bandura, the most basic human motive is the self-system, which includes the self-actualizing tendency but also encompasses other factors such as self-efficacy and self-regulation.

Question 4

According to Alfred Adler, universal feelings of basic anxiety are experienced by young children, motivating them to strive for independence.

Accepted Answer

Alfred Adler proposed the concept of "inferiority complex," not "basic anxiety," which is associated with Karen Horney. Adler believed that feelings of inferiority motivate individuals to strive for superiority and personal growth.

Question 5

According to Sigmund Freud, the collective unconscious is the deepest part of the unconscious, which is shared by all people and reflects human evolutionary history.

Accepted Answer

The concept of the collective unconscious was introduced by Carl Jung, not Sigmund Freud. Freud focused on the personal unconscious and individual experiences.

Question 6

In contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology took an optimistic view of human nature and emphasized the study ofthe healthy personality.

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychology did indeed take an optimistic view of human nature and focus on studying the healthy personality. This is a key difference from psychoanalysis, which tends to focus more on psychopathology and unconscious conflicts.

Question 7

According to Carl Rogers, the need to maintain a self-conceptis so strong that people will deny or distort experiences that contradict their self-concept.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers argued that the need for self-consistency and maintaining a positive self-concept is so strong that individuals will deny or distort experiences that do not fit within their self-concept. This process is known as selective perception or selective attention.

Question 8

One of Freud's most significant contributions was that he drew attention to the importance of mental processes that occur outside of conscious awareness, an idea that continues tobe actively investigated by contemporary researchers.

Accepted Answer

Freud's concept of the unconscious mind has influenced modern psychology and research on topics such as implicit biases, automatic processing, and unconscious cognition.

Question 9

Alfred Adler held that the most fundamental human motive was striving for superiority.

Accepted Answer

Alfred Adler believed that striving for superiority was the most fundamental human motive. He believed that individuals are driven to overcome their feelings of inferiority and strive for a sense of competence and mastery in their lives.

Question 10

Because Freud's ideas have been confirmed by extensive experimental evidence, contemporary psychologists believe that his psychoanalytic theory is still the most accurate depiction of human personality.

Accepted Answer

While Freud's psychoanalytic theory was groundbreaking in its time and remains influential, many of its specific claims have been challenged and revised in light of new research. While some aspects of the theory may have some supporting evidence, it is not generally considered to be the most accurate depiction of human personality by contemporary psychologists.

Question 11

It was the famous psychoanalyst Alfred Adler who said, "To be human means to have inferiority feelings….But in the mentally healthy person this inferiority feeling acts as a motive for productivity, as a motive for attempting to overcome obstacles, to maintain oneself in life."

Accepted Answer

This is a quote from Alfred Adler and reflects his belief that everyone experiences feelings of inferiority, but mentally healthy individuals use these feelings as motivation to strive for success and overcome obstacles.

Question 12

Research evidence strongly supports Carl Jung's contention that the archetypes are genetically passed from one generation to the next.

Accepted Answer

Research evidence does not strongly support the idea that archetypes are genetically inherited; they are considered more as universal symbols or themes in the collective unconscious.

Question 13

The term neo-Freudians refers to a group of psychoanalysts who followed Freud in stressing the importance of unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences, but developed their own personality theories.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately describes the beliefs and theories of the neo-Freudians.

Question 14

According to Karen Horney, men compensate for their inability to bear children through their careers and other creative pursuits.

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney believed that men compensate for their lack of ability to bear children by achieving success in their careers and other creative pursuits. This is known as the "womb envy" theory, which suggests that men, envious of women's ability to bear children, seek to compensate for this by striving for other forms of achievement and recognition.

Question 15

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were key figures in the development of the social cognitive theory of personality.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were key figures in the development of humanistic psychology, not social cognitive theory. Social cognitive theory is more closely associated with Albert Bandura.

Question 16

Karen Horney, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler agreed with Freud that early childhood experiences and unconscious mental processes were very important but disagreed with Freud's view that sexuality was the primary human motive.

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler are often described as neo-Freudians who accepted some of Freud's ideas but disagreed with his emphasis on sexuality as the primary human motive. They believed that social and cultural factors, as well as individual experiences, played important roles in shaping personality.

Question 17

The "third force" in psychology refers to the behavioral genetic approach to studying personality.

Accepted Answer

The "third force" in psychology refers to the humanistic approach, focusing on the individual's subjective experience and potential for personal growth.

Question 18

Sexual urges are expressed freely during the latency stage of Freud's psychosexual stages.

Accepted Answer

During the latency stage, which occurs between the ages of 6 and 12, sexual impulses are suppressed or channeled into non-sexual activities such as sports or hobbies, and sexual urges are not expressed openly.

Question 19

Both Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers believed that people were inherently motivated to strive to fulfill their potential.

Accepted Answer

Both Maslow and Rogers were humanistic psychologists who believed in the innate drive toward self-actualization, or fulfilling one's potential.

Question 20

One strength of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that keymotives, like libido, Thanatos, and Eros, can be operationally defined and easily measured.

Accepted Answer

While Freud's theory does provide a framework for understanding human behavior, his concepts and key motives are abstract and difficult to operationalize and measure in a scientific manner. Therefore, it is not accurate to say they can be "easily measured."

Quiz 11: Social Psychology