Question 1

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding

Accepted Answer

The debate between biology (nature) and home environment (nurture) on the influence of a child's intelligence is central to the nature vs nurture debate. The question asks which debate is most directly relevant, and as such, the answer is (D) nature and nurture. The debate about whether intelligence is more influenced by biology (nature) or home environments (nurture) is a classic example of the nature vs. nurture debate.

Question 2

Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.

Accepted Answer

Developmental psychologists study changes in behavior and mental processes over the entire lifespan, with a particular focus on childhood and adolescence. Dr. Santaniello's research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older indicates a focus on developmental psychology. Dr. Santaniello's area of research focuses on the development of moral thinking in children as they age. This falls under the scope of developmental psychology, making choice C the best answer. Social psychology studies how individuals interact with others and how they are influenced by social factors. Clinical psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Industrial-organizational psychology studies behavior within a workplace or organizational setting. None of these fields are specifically related to researching the development of moral reasoning in children.

Question 3

Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive is the major focus of

Accepted Answer

Positive psychology is the scientific study of positive experiences, traits, and institutions. It focuses on discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues, such as resilience, gratitude, optimism, and altruism, that help individuals and communities to thrive. The other options do not specifically focus on promoting strengths and virtues. The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences as determinants of behavior. Evolutionary psychology focuses on how natural selection favors behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction. Behavior genetics investigates the genetic and environmental influences on behavior. Positive psychology focuses on identifying and promoting positive emotions, individual strengths, and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. The other options (psychodynamic perspective, evolutionary psychology, behavior genetics) do not specifically focus on promoting human strengths and virtues.

Question 4

Aristotle suggested that a meal makes us sleepy by causing heat to collect around the

Accepted Answer

The answer of Aristotle suggested that a meal makes us...

Question 5

Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between

Accepted Answer

Cognitive neuroscience specifically focuses on the relationship between thought processes (cognition) and brain functions (neuroscience). It seeks to understand how different brain regions and neural pathways are involved in various cognitive processes such as perception, attention, memory, and decision-making. The field draws on a variety of approaches including brain imaging, behavioral experiments, and computational modeling to uncover these relationships. Cognitive neuroscience specifically focuses on the study of the relationship between thought processes (cognition) and brain functions, including the neural mechanisms of perception, attention, memory, language, and decision-making. While natural selection and genetic predispositions may be relevant to understanding certain aspects of cognitive functioning, they are not the primary focus of cognitive neuroscience. Childhood memories and psychological disorders may also be studied within the broader field of neuroscience, but they are not exclusive to cognitive neuroscience. Philosophy, while it may intersect with cognitive neuroscience in certain areas, is not a central focus of the field.

Question 6

Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Wilson's perspective focuses on the social and cultural factors, such as the pressure to conform to gang norms, that contribute to delinquent behaviors in teens. This aligns with the social-cultural perspective, which emphasizes the impact of cultural and social factors on behavior. The other perspectives (behavior genetics, neuroscience, and evolutionary) would focus on different factors, such as genetic predispositions, brain structure and function, and evolutionary adaptations. The social-cultural perspective emphasizes the role of social and cultural influences on human behavior, including how membership in a street gang can lead to delinquent behavior in teens due to the pressure and norms of the gang culture.

Question 7

Dr. Robinson conducts research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Robinson's research on brain chemistry and intellectual functioning falls under the domain of biological psychology, which explores the physiological and genetic factors that influence behavior and mental processes. Dr. Robinson's research focuses on studying the biological and physiological processes that underlie intellectual functioning, which falls under the domain of biological psychology.

Question 8

By suggesting that nurture works on what nature endows, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically endowed with a capacity for

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that nature endows us with some innate capabilities or predispositions, but these capabilities are shaped and transformed by the environment (nurture) through learning and adaptation. Therefore, the best choice is D, learning and adaptation. A, inborn ideas, is not supported by modern research in psychology which emphasizes the role of experience and environment. B, natural selection, may be related to innate predispositions but is not directly related to the capacity for learning and adaptation. C, introspection, is a cognitive process that may be influenced by both nature and nurture but is not specific to the capacity for learning and adaptation. The phrase "nurture works on what nature endows" implies that there is a biological foundation or predisposition (nature) that is then shaped and developed by environmental factors (nurture). The capacity for learning and adaptation, which is a result of our biological makeup, is most closely aligned with this idea. Therefore, option D is the best choice. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the idea of biological endowment and how it is shaped by environmental factors.

Question 9

Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Mills' research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others falls within the domain of social psychology, which explores how individuals interact with and influence one another in social situations. Dr. Mills' research on conformity to the behaviors and opinions of others best represents the specialty area of social psychology, which focuses on how individuals relate to and interact with others in various social contexts.

Question 10

Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Edward Titchener is often regarded as the founder of structuralism, which focuses on the analysis of consciousness into its basic elements. Similarly, William James is often regarded as the founder of functionalism, which focuses on the function and purpose of behavior and consciousness. William James is considered the founder of functionalism, an early school of psychology that focused on understanding the purpose and function of behaviors and mental processes. This was in contrast to structuralism, which focused on analyzing the basic elements of consciousness.

Question 11

Dr. Roberts studies how best to test for individual differences in traits such as anxiety and self-esteem. Which specialty area does her research best represent?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Roberts' research focuses on individual differences in personality traits, making it most closely aligned with the specialty area of personality psychology. Dr. Roberts' research focuses on individual differences in traits like anxiety and self-esteem, which fall under the realm of personality psychology.

Question 12

Different accounts of the same behavior that together give us a more complete understanding represent different

Accepted Answer

The different accounts of the same behavior represent different levels of analysis, which can include biological, psychological, and social factors. This multi-level approach helps to provide a more complete understanding of complex behaviors. Choice A is incorrect because cognitive functions refer specifically to mental processes like perception, attention, and memory. Choice B is incorrect because unconscious motives are one type of explanation that might contribute to a behavior but does not encompass all the possible factors involved. Choice D is incorrect because natural selection is a process that shapes the development of species over evolutionary time and is not directly related to explaining specific behaviors. Different accounts of the same behavior that provide different levels of analysis help us to have a more complete understanding of the behavior. This can include biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, among others.

Question 13

Clinical psychologists specialize in

Accepted Answer

Clinical psychologists specialize in providing therapy to troubled people. They are trained to diagnose and treat psychological disorders through various forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychoanalysis. They may also work with individuals, couples, or families to address mental health concerns and improve overall well-being. Clinical psychologists specialize in providing therapy to help people cope with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. They use a variety of techniques and approaches to help individuals improve their mental health and well-being. They do not generally provide drugs themselves, although they may work in conjunction with psychiatrists who can prescribe medication for certain conditions. They also may use surveys and conduct animal research as part of their work in developing an understanding of mental health and human behavior.

Question 14

Behaviorists dismissed the value of

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists dismissed the value of introspection, which is the process of examining one's own thoughts and feelings. They believed that psychology should focus on observable behavior rather than subjective experiences. Behaviorists dismissed the value of introspection, which is the process of examining one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. They believed that only observable and measurable behavior should be studied in psychology.

Question 15

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of

Accepted Answer

Contemporary psychology encompasses the study of both behavior (observable responses to the environment) and mental processes (including conscious and unconscious mental activity), making option C the best choice. While maladaptive and adaptive behaviors may be studied within psychology, they do not fully encompass the breadth of the field. Contemporary psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This includes the examination of the biological, cognitive, and social factors that influence human behavior and mental functioning. While conscious and unconscious mental activity, observable responses to the environment, and maladaptive and adaptive behaviors are all aspects of psychology, they are just specific areas of focus within the larger scope of behavior and mental processes.

Question 16

Charles Darwin attempted to explain the ________ that he encountered.

Accepted Answer

Darwin's theory of evolution aimed to explain the vast species variation that he observed during his exploration voyages. Darwin is most famous for formulating the theory of evolution, which is based on the concept of species variation.

Question 17

Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Lipka's focus on improving employee job satisfaction and productivity points to a speciality in industrial-organizational psychology, which deals with the relationship between employees and the workplace to improve organizational outcomes. Clinical psychology deals with diagnosing and treating mental health disorders, developmental psychology looks at human development across the lifespan, and personality psychology looks at personality traits and individual differences. Industrial-organizational psychologists specialize in studying and improving the workplace, including employee job satisfaction and productivity.

Question 18

Dr. Caleigh conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a _________ psychologist.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Caleigh's research focuses on mental processes such as language and problem solving, which falls under the scope of cognitive psychology. Biological psychology focuses on the relationship between brain function and behavior, clinical psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating mental illnesses, and social psychology focuses on how individual behavior is influenced by social situations. Dr. Caleigh's research focuses on understanding the cognitive processes involved in language and mathematics, making her a cognitive psychologist. Biological psychologists study the biological bases of behavior, clinical psychologists diagnose and treat mental illnesses, and social psychologists study how individuals interact with each other and with society.

Question 19

Dr. Vazquez helps people to make career choices by assisting them in identifying their strengths and interests. Dr. Vazquez is most likely a

Accepted Answer

Counseling psychologists typically help individuals with personal and career-related issues, such as identifying strengths and interests for career choices. Biological psychologists study the biological processes underlying behavior, cognitive psychologists study mental processes such as memory and reasoning, and social psychologists study how individuals interact with each other. Counseling psychologists are trained to help individuals with personal, social, vocational, and emotional issues. Helping individuals with career choices is just one aspect of their profession.

Question 20

Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates ________, which is an important learning tool.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that...

Quiz 19: The Worth Video Anthology for Introductory Psychology