Question 1

The basal ganglia facilitate the processing of

Accepted Answer

The basal ganglia are involved in procedural learning and memory, which involves the development of skills and habits through repetitive practice. They do not have a significant role in explicit, echoic, or flashbulb memories. The basal ganglia are important for procedural memory, which involves learning new skills and habits through repetition and practice. They do not play a significant role in explicit memory (memories of facts and experiences), echoic memory (sensory memory for sounds), or flashbulb memory (detailed and vivid memories of significant events).

Question 2

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as

Accepted Answer

Sherry is using chunking to remember the phone number by grouping the numbers into meaningful chunks (1-800, HOLIDAY). This is a common memory technique used to make information easier to remember. The other options do not accurately describe the memory aid being used. Sherry is using chunking, which is a memory aid technique that involves organizing information into smaller, more manageable units. In this case, she has chunked the phone number into the recognizable word "HOLIDAY", making it easier for her to remember. The other options (imagination inflation, serial position effect, and peg-word system) are not applicable to this scenario.

Question 3

The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on

Accepted Answer

The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows that memory retention decreases rapidly within the first few hours or days after learning new information, with the majority of forgetting occurring within the first few days. The curve indicates that the longer ago we learned the information, the more likely we are to forget it. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows that we tend to forget information quickly after learning it, but the rate of forgetting slows down over time. Therefore, how long ago we learned the information is the most important factor in determining how well we remember it. The other factors listed may also influence memory, but they are not as central to the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve.

Question 4

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. The new class members' names were briefly stored in her ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory, also known as working memory, has a limited capacity and duration. It is responsible for holding information in our consciousness for a short period of time, usually less than a minute, before it is forgotten or transferred to long-term memory through encoding.

Question 5

The ability to unconsciously process how many times you checked your e-mail during the past 24 hours best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to the unconscious encoding of information, such as the habitual checking of e-mail without actively keeping track of how often it has been done. Working memory is the conscious processing and temporary storage of information, while implicit memory refers to the non-conscious retention of learned skills and associations. The serial position effect relates to the tendency to recall items at the beginning or end of a list more easily than those in the middle.

Question 6

Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the forgetting of painful experiences, particularly those related to trauma, was caused by a process he called repression, which involves burying the memory in the unconscious mind in order to protect oneself from consciously experiencing the pain associated with it. Therefore, Freud's theory is not based on interference, decay, or LTP.

Question 7

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

The information in our fleeting memory is encoded into short-term memory, which is a type of sensory memory. Repressed memory refers to memories that have been blocked due to trauma or other reasons, flashbulb memory is a vivid memory of a specific, emotionally-charged event, and long-term memory refers to memories that have been stored for a longer period of time.

Question 8

Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described best fits with the spacing effect - the idea that repeatedly studying material with breaks in between promotes long-term retention better than massed (cramming) practice. This is because spacing out practice allows for more opportunities for retrieval and consolidation of the material in memory. The other answer choices do not fully describe the described phenomenon. The spacing effect refers to the finding that learning is greater when studying is spread out over time, rather than concentrated in a single session. Restudying material throughout the term and spacing out the review of course material at the end of the semester is an example of the spacing effect, which leads to better long-term retention of the material. Choices A, B, and C do not accurately depict this scenario.

Question 9

Source amnesia helps to explain

Accepted Answer

The answer of Source amnesia helps to explain
...

Question 10

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Storage is to encoding as ________ is...

Question 11

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to the tendency for people to better remember the most recently presented items in a list. This is a form of short-term memory and can be seen in tasks such as recalling a list of words immediately after they are presented. The recency effect refers to the tendency to remember the most recently presented information, which is why the last items in a list are recalled more quickly and accurately. Iconic memory refers to visual sensory memory, the spacing effect is the phenomenon of better retention of information when rehearsal is spaced out over time, and implicit memory refers to non-conscious memories such as procedural memory.

Question 12

The difference between automatic and effortful processing best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The difference between automatic and effortful processing is a key illustration of the idea of the two-track mind, which posits that our brains simultaneously process information automatically and consciously. Automatic processing occurs without conscious awareness or effort, such as when we unconsciously remember someone's face, while effortful processing requires conscious effort and attention, such as when we study for an exam. The concept of automatic and effortful processing is related to the idea of the two-track mind, which refers to how our brains can process information both unconsciously and consciously. Automatic processing occurs without our conscious awareness, such as when we process the meaning of words or spatial location without actively trying to do so. Effortful processing, on the other hand, requires conscious attention and effort, such as when we try to learn new information or solve complex problems. Therefore, the answer is A) the two-track mind.

Question 13

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory refers to visual sensory memory, where a person retains an exact image of something they have seen for a brief moment. In this scenario, Sergei was able to retain a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code, which is a visual memory.

Question 14

Stress hormones promote stronger memories by

Accepted Answer

Stress hormones, such as cortisol, increase the availability of glucose in the bloodstream, which provides energy for the brain, allowing for stronger memories to be formed. Stress hormones, specifically cortisol, increase the availability of glucose in the bloodstream. This provides more energy to the brain to form and consolidate memories.

Question 15

The ability of some Alzheimer's patients to learn how to do something despite the fact that they have no conscious recall of learning their new skill best illustrates the need to distinguish between

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question is a clear example of implicit memory, where the patient has learned a new skill without conscious recall of the learning process. Explicit memory refers to the conscious and intentional recollection of past events or knowledge. Therefore, distinguishing between these two types of memory is crucial in understanding the behavior of Alzheimer's patients. The other options, such as proactive and retroactive interference, iconic and echoic memory, and infantile and source amnesia, are not relevant to the given scenario. The ability of Alzheimer's patients to learn a new skill without conscious recall is an example of implicit memory, which is a type of long-term memory that does not require conscious recall or awareness of the learning process. Proactive and retroactive interference involve the disruption of memory by competing or interfering stimuli, but this is not relevant to the scenario described. Iconic and echoic memory are types of sensory memory, which do not involve the retention of skills or explicit information. Infantile amnesia involves the inability to recall events from early childhood, while source amnesia involves the inability to recall the source of a memory, but neither of these concepts are directly related to the scenario described.

Question 16

Stress hormones provoke the ________ to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is involved in processing emotions and is activated by stress hormones to help form memories, particularly emotional ones, by initiating a memory trace in the brain.

Question 17

Sea slugs, mice, and fruit flies have displayed enhanced learning following enhanced production of the protein

Accepted Answer

The question refers to the enhanced production of a protein that is associated with enhanced learning in certain animal models. The protein is most likely CREB (cAMP response element binding protein), which is a transcription factor that plays an important role in long-term memory formation. LTP (long-term potentiation) is a cellular mechanism that underlies learning and memory, but it is not a protein. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating brain activity and is not typically associated with enhanced learning. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is a psychoactive compound found in marijuana that can have a variety of effects on learning and memory, but its effects are complex and not always enhancing. The statement is referring to enhanced production of a protein that leads to enhanced learning. LTP (A) refers to long-term potentiation, which is a process of strengthening synapses that underlies learning and memory but is not a protein itself. GABA (C) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that does not directly enhance learning. THC (D) is a chemical compound found in marijuana that can affect learning and memory but is not a protein. CREB (B) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in regulating gene expression related to neuronal plasticity, and increased expression of CREB has been associated with enhanced learning and memory in various species, including sea slugs, mice, and fruit flies.

Question 18

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when new learning disrupts the recall of previously learned information. Repression refers to the unconscious blocking of memories. Source amnesia occurs when a person has a memory but cannot remember where or how they learned it. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories after a traumatic event. None of these options directly relate to the disruptive effect of new learning on previously learned information. Retroactive interference is the disruption of recall of previously learned information caused by new learning. This occurs when new information interferes with the ability to retrieve older memories. Repression refers to the unconscious blocking of painful or traumatic memories. Source amnesia is the inability to remember where or how previously learned information was acquired. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories.

Question 19

Some of the information in our ________ memory is encoded into ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some of the information in our ________...

Question 20

The effortful processing of information

Accepted Answer

Effortful processing refers to the deliberate and conscious processing of information that requires attention and effort. With practice, this type of processing can become automatic, allowing us to perform tasks more efficiently and with less cognitive effort.

Answer: A
 Effortful processing and automatic processing are two distinct types of processing that cannot occur simultaneously. Effortful processing requires conscious attention and effort, while automatic processing occurs without conscious awareness and requires minimal effort.

Answer: B and C
 Effortful processing refers to the process of getting information into memory storage, as well as the deliberate and conscious processing of information. With practice, effortful processing can become automatic, allowing us to perform tasks more efficiently and with less cognitive effort. It is important to note, however, that not all types of information can be learned through automatic processing, and some types of information benefit from continued effortful processing.

Answer: D
 There is no evidence to suggest that effortful processing occurs less frequently among adults than children. Both children and adults engage in effortful processing when needed, and the ability to engage in effortful processing can improve with age and experience. Effortful processing can become automatic through practice, as with learning a new skill or memorizing information.

Answer: B
 Effortful processing refers to the process of getting information into memory storage, which can require conscious attention and repetition.

Answer: A and D are incorrect answers. The statement that effortful processing cannot occur simultaneously with automatic processing is false, as both processes can occur at the same time. The statement that effortful processing occurs less frequently among adults than children is unfounded and not supported by research.

Quiz 8: Learning