Question 1

Who emphasized that slips of the tongue often reveal the personality dynamics that contribute to psychological disorders?

Accepted Answer

Freud is known for his belief in the significance of slips of the tongue, or "Freudian slips," which reveal unconscious thoughts and desires that may contribute to psychological disorders. Freud is known for emphasizing that slips of the tongue, also known as parapraxes or Freudian slips, reveal subconscious conflicts and personality dynamics that contribute to psychological disorders.

Question 2

While attending college, Saeb impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money on "wine, women, and song." Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of a(n)

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the id is the primitive part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification for its needs and desires, while the superego is the moral component of personality that forms through internalizing societal rules and values. Saeb's impulsive and careless behavior suggests a weak superego, as he is not restraining himself from indulging in activities that may not align with societal rules or his own moral values. The id is the primitive, instinctual part of personality that seeks pleasure and immediate gratification without consideration of consequences, and the superego represents the internalized values and morals of society. Saeb's impulsive and careless behavior suggests a weak superego, as he is not considering the consequences or values associated with his actions.

Question 3

A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as

Accepted Answer

The technique described in the scenario is free association. This technique involves the patient stating whatever thoughts come to mind without censoring them, in order to uncover unconscious feelings or conflicts. The psychotherapist is using the technique of free association, which involves allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind without censorship or judgment. This technique is often used in psychoanalytic therapy to uncover unconscious thoughts and emotions.

Question 4

Within the framework of Bandura's reciprocal determinism, an external locus of control refers to a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Within the framework of Bandura's reciprocal determinism,...

Question 5

Abraham Maslow studied the lives of people such as Abraham Lincoln in order to understand the nature of

Accepted Answer

Maslow developed his famous theory of the hierarchy of needs, which proposed that a person's basic physiological and safety needs must be met before they can aspire to higher level needs such as love and esteem, and ultimately, self-actualization. He studied the lives of individuals such as Lincoln to identify common characteristics and behaviors that led to self-actualization. Abraham Maslow developed a theory of human motivation that emphasized the importance of fulfilling innate human needs in order to achieve self-actualization. In order to understand the characteristics of self-actualized individuals, Maslow studied the lives of people such as Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Albert Einstein.

Question 6

A personality inventory that utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people is a(n) ________ test.

Accepted Answer

An empirically derived test is a personality inventory that utilizes only items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people. The other options do not specify the use of research or empirical evidence to create the test. An empirically derived test utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people. Factor analytic tests use statistical methods to identify underlying factors in personality, self-report tests rely on individuals' own self-assessments, and projective tests ask individuals to interpret ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 7

A person whose self-esteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to

Accepted Answer

When self-esteem is threatened, a person may try to make themselves feel better by putting others down or criticizing them. This is known as "downward social comparison" and is a common coping mechanism for maintaining self-esteem. Choices A, C, and D do not necessarily have a direct relationship with self-esteem. When a person's self-esteem is threatened, they may experience negative emotions and feel the need to boost their self-worth. Criticizing others can be a way to temporarily elevate one's own status and feel better about oneself. The other options do not necessarily follow from a threatened self-esteem.

Question 8

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of

Accepted Answer

Carelessness and disorganization are characteristics associated with low conscientiousness. The other traits do not necessarily relate to being disorganized or careless. Conscientiousness is the Big Five trait dimension that encompasses traits such as being organized, responsible, and reliable. Therefore, a person who is careless and disorganized would rank low on this dimension.

Question 9

A notable improvement in morale was observed among nursing home patients who experienced an enhanced sense of

Accepted Answer

The word "morale" suggests an improvement in mood or emotional well-being. The option C, "personal control," is most closely associated with feelings of empowerment and positive emotions, which are likely to increase morale. Options A and B, "fixation" and "free association," respectively, do not fit with the context of nursing home patients or morale. Option D, "factor analysis," is a statistical method and not relevant in this scenario. The option of personal control is most relevant here as it indicates that the nursing home patients felt a sense of control over their lives, which improved their morale. The other options are not related to morale improvement in nursing home patients.

Question 10

A person who experiences defensive self-esteem is ________ to demonstrate self- serving bias and is ________ to feel angry when criticized.

Accepted Answer

A person with defensive self-esteem is likely to demonstrate self-serving bias, as they feel the need to protect their ego and maintain an image of themselves as competent and worthy. They are also likely to feel angry when criticized because any criticisms could be perceived as a threat to their self-worth. A person who experiences defensive self-esteem is likely to demonstrate self-serving bias, which means they attribute positive events to themselves and negative events to external factors. They are also likely to feel angry when criticized, as their self-esteem is threatened when they perceive criticism as a personal attack.

Question 11

Accepting ourselves without undue dependence on the approval of others best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Secure self-esteem refers to a positive self-concept that is not easily swayed by the opinions or evaluations of others. It allows individuals to accept themselves for who they are and make decisions based on their own values and beliefs, rather than seeking external validation. Reciprocal determinism refers to the mutual influence of an individual's behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors, but does not specifically relate to self-acceptance. Free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis, and positive psychology focuses on promoting well-being and optimal functioning, but neither of these directly relate to self-acceptance without dependence on others. Secure self-esteem is defined as feeling positively about oneself without being dependent on external validation or approval. This means that individuals with secure self-esteem are able to accept and appreciate themselves without relying on the opinions or validation of others. Reciprocal determinism refers to the mutual influence of the individual, the environment, and behavior on each other. Free association is a method used in psychoanalytic therapy to access the unconscious mind. Positive psychology is a field focused on promoting optimal functioning and well-being.

Question 12

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a

Accepted Answer

Projection is the unconscious process of attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses to others. In this case, Abdul is projecting his own hostility onto his classmates and believing that they are hostile. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul is engaging in defense mechanism of projection. This involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses onto others. So, Abdul is projecting his own hostility onto his classmates and believing that they are hostile towards him.

Question 13

Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for

Accepted Answer

Maslow proposed a theory of human motivation that emphasizes the role of self-actualization, or the realization of an individual's full potential, as the highest need that must be satisfied for personal growth and fulfillment. Thus, the answer is C, self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that once basic physiological and safety needs are met, individuals strive for higher level needs such as love/belonging, esteem, and ultimately, self-actualization. Self-actualization is the realization of an individual's potential, including personal growth, creativity, and the fulfillment of one's unique purpose.

Question 14

A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A consistent tendency to be shy refers to a stable and enduring characteristic of an individual, which is best described as a trait. Projection refers to attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another person. The Oedipus complex is a psychoanalytic theory that refers to a child's desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a wish to eliminate the parent of the same sex. The false consensus effect refers to the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. A consistent tendency to be shy reflects a stable characteristic or disposition, which is known as a trait in psychology.

Question 15

A frontal lobe area involved in ________ is ________ active in extraverts than in introverts.

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobe area involved in restraining behavior is the anterior cingulate cortex, and studies have found this area to be less active in extraverts than introverts when performing tasks that require inhibitory control. The frontal lobe area involved in restraining behavior is called the prefrontal cortex. Studies have shown that introverts tend to have a more active prefrontal cortex, which allows them to better control their behavior and impulses. On the other hand, extraverts tend to have a less active prefrontal cortex, which may lead to a tendency to act before thinking in certain situations.

Question 16

A refusal to believe direct and highly credible evidence that your spouse is suffering a terminal illness best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Denial is the defense mechanism where an individual refuses to accept reality, often as a way of protecting themselves from emotional pain or distress. Refusing to believe direct and highly credible evidence that your spouse is suffering from a terminal illness is an example of denial. Denial is the refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality. In this case, the person is unable to accept the fact that their spouse is suffering from a terminal illness, despite credible evidence.

Question 17

According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism involves the interaction and influence of three factors: behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental events. These factors all impact each other in a multidirectional way, meaning that behavior can influence our internal factors and environment, our internal factors can influence our behavior and environment, and our environment can influence our behavior and internal factors. This theory does not directly involve concepts like id, ego, superego, self-concept, self-actualization, or self-transcendence. Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism proposes that human behavior is influenced by the interaction between behaviors, internal personal factors (such as cognition, personality, and emotion), and environmental events. This means that behavior is not determined solely by internal factors or external events, but by the dynamic interplay between the two. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 18

Who proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs?

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow proposed the hierarchy of needs theory in psychology, which posits that human beings have a basic set of needs that must be met before higher-level needs can be pursued. These needs are arranged in a hierarchical order, starting with basic physiological needs (like food, shelter, and safety) and moving up to self-actualization needs (like creativity and personal growth). Maslow believed that people are motivated to fulfill these needs in order, and that failure to meet lower-level needs can impede progress toward higher-level goals. Abraham Maslow proposed the concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation."

Question 19

Your score on an extraversion test does not neatly predict how sociable you will be on any given occasion. This observation is most clearly highlighted by ________ theories.

Accepted Answer

The statement implies that situational factors also play a role in determining sociability, which is a central idea in social-cognitive theory. Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences, while trait theory emphasizes stable personality traits that predict behavior across situations. Humanistic theory focuses on personal growth and self-actualization, but does not directly address situational influences on behavior. Social-cognitive theories emphasize that behavior is influenced by both internal factors (such as personality traits) and external factors (such as situational context). Therefore, someone with a high extraversion score could still choose to be less sociable in a particular context due to other situational factors (such as feeling shy or uncomfortable with the people present). This highlights the limitations of relying solely on trait theory to predict behavior.

Question 20

Which theory proposes that adherence to one's worldview is used to defend against a deeply rooted fear of death?

Accepted Answer

Terror-management theory proposes that adherence to one's worldview, including cultural, religious, and political beliefs, is used to defend against a deeply rooted fear of death. This fear of death is seen as a driving force behind many human behaviors, and individuals may strive to maintain self-esteem, connection with others, and a sense of meaning and purpose as a way to cope with this fear. Terror-management theory proposes that adherence to one's worldview, beliefs, and values serves as a defense mechanism against the anxiety and fear of death. This theory suggests that individuals will go to great lengths to maintain their cultural traditions, religious beliefs, and identity to avoid facing the inevitability of mortality.

Quiz 13: Emotion