Question 1

Which form of treatment has claimed to correct imbalances of energy flow at identifiable points close to the skin?

Accepted Answer

Acupuncture has claimed to correct imbalances of energy flow at identifiable points close to the skin through the insertion of needles at specific points on the body. Acupuncture is the form of treatment that claims to correct imbalances of energy flow at identifiable points close to the skin. Biofeedback is a form of therapy that uses electronic devices to help people gain awareness and control of their physiological responses. Aromatherapy uses essential oils to promote physical and psychological well-being. Herbal medicine involves the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes.

Question 2

Which of the following emotional reactions is most likely to precede any conscious thinking?

Accepted Answer

Fear is the most primitive and basic emotion that is triggered by a perceived threat or danger, and it is a natural response to potential harm. The fear response is hardwired into the brain and activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to a fight or flight response. This means that the body prepares itself to either confront the danger or to run away from it automatically, without any conscious thinking or decision-making. Therefore, it is most likely to precede any conscious thinking. Fear is a primal emotion that triggers the fight-or-flight response, which is an automatic response that occurs before any conscious thinking. It is an instinctual reaction to potential danger or threat, and therefore tends to be the first emotional reaction experienced. The other emotions listed may also evoke strong emotional responses, but they are more likely to be preceded by conscious thought processes.

Question 3

A Harvard School of Public Health research team studied 1306 initially healthy men over a 10-year period. They found that ________ were more than twice as likely as ________ to develop heart disease.

Accepted Answer

The research found that pessimists were more than twice as likely as optimists to develop heart disease. Optimism is often associated with better health outcomes, including lower risk of heart disease.

Question 4

Which theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion, also known as the Schachter-Singer theory, suggests that emotions are formed through the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. This theory proposes that when we experience physiological arousal, we seek an explanation or label for that arousal, and the label we give to the arousal determines the emotion we experience. The two-factor theory of emotion (also known as Schachter–Singer theory) states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal. In other words, physical arousal is first experienced and then labeled based on situational cues and cognitive interpretation, resulting in an emotional state. This theory proposes that emotions are a result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

Question 5

Worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria are ingested by an immune system agent known as the

Accepted Answer

Macrophages are immune cells that specialize in ingesting and destroying pathogens, as well as worn-out cells within the body, such as red blood cells. The other options, B lymphocytes, amygdala, and glucocorticoids, are not directly involved in phagocytosis or pathogen destruction. Worn-out red blood cells and harmful bacteria are ingested by a type of white blood cell called macrophages as part of the immune system's phagocytic response. B lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific pathogens, the amygdala is a part of the brain involved in fear and emotional responses, and glucocorticoids are a type of steroid hormone involved in the body's stress response.

Question 6

A deep neural center activated when people smell some disgusting food or when they feel moral disgust in response to a perceived injustice is called the

Accepted Answer

The insula is a neural center that is activated when people smell some disgusting food or when they feel moral disgust in response to a perceived injustice. The anterior cingulate cortex is more involved in processing emotional and cognitive information, while the hypothalamus is primarily involved in regulating physiological processes such as hormone production and sleep. A telomere is a structure found at the end of a chromosome and is not directly related to neural processing. The insula is a neural center located in the cortex of the brain and is known to be activated when people smell or taste disgusting food, as well as when they experience moral disgust in response to perceived injustice. The other brain regions mentioned (anterior cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, and telomere) are not specifically associated with these types of responses to disgust.

Question 7

Who is the best example of a Type B personality?

Accepted Answer

Type B personalities are often described as being relaxed, patient, and easy-going. Mauriucca, the social worker, fits this description the best out of the given options. A Type B personality is typically characterized by being laid-back, calm, and relaxed. Mauriucca, a social worker who is empathetic and understanding, fits this description well. The other options, Tammy, Tena, and Juanita, are more competitive, self-confident, and impatient, qualities that align more with a Type A personality.

Question 8

Which theory would be most threatened by evidence that highly similar patterns of physiological activity are associated with uniquely different emotional states?

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory proposes that emotions arise from physiological arousal. If highly similar patterns of physiological activity were associated with uniquely different emotional states, it would challenge the idea that specific physiological changes always produce specific emotions, which is a key component of the theory. The James-Lange theory proposes that physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion, meaning that different physiological responses correspond to different emotions. If evidence contradicted this theory by showing that similar physiological activity can be associated with different emotional states, it would threaten the theory's validity.

Question 9

You were happy with your grade of B on the psychology test until you learned that almost everyone else in the class received an A. This illustrates that happiness is influenced by

Accepted Answer

The situation presented is an example of relative deprivation. The individual was content with their grade until they found out that others did better, leading them to feel relatively deprived of a higher grade. This illustrates that happiness can be influenced by comparing oneself to others. The scenario illustrates relative deprivation, which is the perception of being worse off compared to others. The original level of happiness (being happy with a B grade) changed once the individual learned how their grade compared to others in the class.

Question 10

Whether we feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade depends on whether we attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to our own low intelligence. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by

Accepted Answer

Cognitive appraisals refer to the interpretations and meanings we make of events, which in turn influence our emotional responses. In this case, whether we attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or our own low intelligence is a cognitive appraisal that influences our emotional reaction. The scenario provided suggests that the emotion being experienced (anger or depression) is influenced by the cognitive appraisal made about the situation - specifically, whether the poor grade is attributed to an unfair test or low intelligence. This fits with the definition of cognitive appraisal, which refers to the process of interpreting and making meaning of a situation that then influences emotional response. Choices A, B, and D may also influence emotions in certain situations, but they are not directly relevant to the scenario described.

Question 11

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

Accepted Answer

Mara exhibits many of the classic Type A personality traits such as irritability, impatience, and competitiveness. Type A personalities are typically characterized as being highly competitive, impatient, and easily agitated. Mara, the irritable and impatient teacher, fits this description well.

Question 12

Which of the following suggests that the experience of emotion results from an awareness of our own physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event?

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory proposes that our experience of emotion is triggered by our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event. According to this theory, we first experience a bodily response (e.g., increased heart rate, sweating) and then interpret that response as a specific emotion (e.g., fear, anger). The James-Lange theory proposes that our experience of an emotion is the result of our awareness of our own physiological responses to a situation or event. In other words, we feel emotions because we become aware of our bodily reactions to them.

Question 13

Which division of the nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in emotionally stressful situations?

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic division of the nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response, which mobilizes the body's energy to deal with perceived threats or stressors. This response includes increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, dilation of the pupils, and other physiological changes that prepare the body to respond to a potential danger. The sympathetic division of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response, which is activated during emotionally stressful situations. It arouses the body and mobilizes its energy to prepare for action.

Question 14

Women show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing frightening films, and they show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing happy films.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Women show ________ facial expression of emotion...

Question 15

Women who suffered enduring stress were observed to experience a shortening of telomeres indicative of

Accepted Answer

Telomeres are protective caps on the ends of chromosomes that naturally shorten as cells divide and age. However, chronic stress has been shown to accelerate this shortening process, leading to premature aging and an increased risk of age-related diseases. Breast cancer and heart disease may be associated with stress, but they are not directly caused by telomere shortening. The production of NK cells, a type of white blood cell involved in immune response, is not related to telomere length. Enduring stress can lead to the shortening of telomeres, which are the protective caps on the ends of chromosomes. This shortening is associated with a more rapid aging process and an increased risk of age-related diseases such as cancer and heart disease. There is no evidence to suggest that enduring stress leads to an increased production of NK cells.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic components of emotion identified in the text?

Accepted Answer

Pupil contraction is not considered one of the basic components of emotion identified in the text. The basic components of emotion are physiological arousal, conscious experience, and expressive behavior. While pupil constriction or dilation can be a sign of physiological arousal, it is not considered one of the basic components of emotion. The other three components - physiological arousal, conscious experience, and expressive behavior - were identified in the text as integral parts of emotions.

Question 17

Which theory can best explain the results of the experiment in which college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory suggests that emotions are based on both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. In this experiment, the participants were given epinephrine to create physiological arousal and were then placed in a social situation with either a euphoric or irritated person. The interpretation of their physiological arousal (e.g. increased heart rate, etc.) in combination with the social cues they received from the other person likely influenced their emotional response. Therefore, the two-factor theory best explains the results of this experiment. The two-factor theory suggests that emotion is the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. The participants in the experiment were injected with epinephrine, which caused physiological arousal. The emotional reaction to the person they interacted with was likely influenced by their cognitive interpretation of their arousal, whether it was labeled as euphoria or irritation. Therefore, the two-factor theory best explains the results of the experiment.

Question 18

Whether you live in an African village or a European city, fast-paced music seems more ________ than slow-paced music.

Accepted Answer

Fast-paced music is often associated with excitement and joy, which can make people feel happy. Slow-paced music, on the other hand, is often associated with relaxation and contemplation, which may not be as universally appealing.

Question 19

Who suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring one's teeth so as to threaten predators?

Accepted Answer

Charles Darwin suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring one's teeth so as to threaten predators. According to his theory of evolution, this behavior may have been useful for our ancestors in communicating aggression and warning potential attackers. Charles Darwin suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring one's teeth so as to threaten predators in his book "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals".

Question 20

Who would be MOST susceptible to heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Marvin's impatience and irritability suggest a Type A personality, which is associated with a higher risk of heart disease due to stress and aggressive behavior.

Quiz 12: Motivation and Work