Question 1

Hybrid designs include any factorial design that has at least one _____ variable.
A) moderator
B) quasi-independent
C) quasi-experimental
D) nominal

Accepted Answer

Hybrid designs include any factorial design that has at least one quasi-independent variable, which refers to a variable that is treated as an independent variable for the purposes of the study, but it is not manipulated by the researcher. Instead, it is a pre-existing variable that naturally varies or is grouped based on existing characteristics.

Question 2

Why would using research confederates be helpful in an experiment?
A) Research confederates are often peers of the participants.
B) Research confederates increase internal validity.
C) Research confederates increase experimental control and therefore standardization.
D) Research confederates decrease external validity and generalizability.

Accepted Answer

Research confederates help increase experimental control and standardization by ensuring that certain behaviors or interactions are consistent across participants, which can help in maintaining the integrity of the experimental conditions.

Question 3

_____ is a statistical test that allows researchers to simultaneously test how two separate nominal or categorical independent variables influence the dependent variable and how those independent variables interact to influence the dependent variable.
A) A two-way analysis of variance
B) A one-way analysis of variance
C) A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance
D) A chi-square test for independence

Accepted Answer

A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is designed to assess the influence of two independent nominal or categorical variables on a continuous dependent variable, including the interaction between these independent variables.

Question 4

_____ refers to the average of all participants on one level of the independent variable, ignoring the other independent variable.
A) Cell mean
B) Interaction
C) Marginal mean
D) Hybrid design

Accepted Answer

Marginal mean refers to the average score of participants across one level of an independent variable, while disregarding the levels of another independent variable. This is used in factorial designs to understand the overall effect of one independent variable across all levels of another.

Question 5

Marginal mean refers to the average of all participants on _____ level(s) of the _____ variable.
A) one; independent
B) two; independent
C) one; dependent
D) two; dependent

Accepted Answer

Marginal mean refers to the average of all participants on one level of the independent variable, summarizing across levels of other factors in a factorial design.

Question 6

_____ is any experimental design that has more than one independent variable.
A) A one-way ANOVA
B) A chi-square test of independence
C) A factorial design
D) A repeated measures design

Accepted Answer

A factorial design is an experimental setup that involves more than one independent variable, allowing researchers to study the interaction effects between these variables on the dependent variable.

Question 7

_____ refers to the average of the dependent variable for participants with a specific combination of the levels of the independent variables.
A) Cell mean
B) Marginal mean
C) Main effect
D) Crossover interaction

Accepted Answer

Cell mean refers to the average outcome (dependent variable) for a specific combination of the levels of the independent variables in an experimental design.

Question 8

_____ is an effect in which two variables combine to produce an outcome that is bigger than what each individual variable contributes.
A) Carryover effect
B) Synergistic effect
C) Main effect
D) Suppression effect

Accepted Answer

The synergistic effect occurs when two or more variables or agents work together to produce a result that is greater than the sum of their individual effects. This means the combined effect is bigger than what you'd expect from just adding up the individual contributions of each variable.

Question 9

You can exclude study participants for all of these reasons EXCEPT:
A) on the basis of researcher judgment that other individuals would benefit more from participation.
B) on the basis of previous research indicating that certain participants are more appropriate.
C) on the basis of medical history that it may be medically unhealthy, damaging, or problematic for them to participate in the study.
D) on the basis of researcher judgment that the study will obtain greater significance if those individuals are prohibited from participating.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You can exclude study participants for all...

Question 10

Cell mean refers to the mean of the _____ variables for participants with a specific combination of the levels of the _____.
A) independent; dependent variables
B) moderator; dependent variables
C) dependent; interaction
D) dependent; independent variables

Accepted Answer

Cell mean refers to the average value of the dependent variables for participants who are at a specific combination of the levels of the independent variables. This is a common concept in factorial designs where the effects of multiple independent variables on a dependent variable are studied.

Question 11

_____ is an effect in which two variables combine to produce an outcome that is smaller than what each individual variable contributes.
A) Carryover effect
B) Synergistic effect
C) Main effect
D) Suppression effect

Accepted Answer

The suppression effect occurs when the combined influence of two variables on an outcome is less than the effect of each variable considered individually. This contrasts with a synergistic effect, where the combined influence is greater than the sum of individual effects.

Question 12

Ramona wants to conduct a study on how poetry influences students' creativity. Which of the following would be the best for optimizing mundane realism?
A) art class
B) a research laboratory
C) a cafeteria
D) a library

Accepted Answer

Mundane realism refers to how closely a study mirrors real-life experiences. Conducting the study in an art class would optimize mundane realism because art classes are environments where students naturally engage with creative activities, including poetry, making it a realistic setting for the study.

Question 13

_____ is a description of a hypothetical situation, event, or scenario to which participants react.
A) A vignette
B) A main effect hypothesis
C) A synergistic effect
D) Mundane realism

Accepted Answer

A vignette is a short, descriptive piece of writing that presents a scenario or situation, often used in research to elicit reactions or responses from participants.

Question 14

A two-way analysis of variance is a statistical test that allows researchers to simultaneously test how two separate _____ or categorical independent variables independently influence and interact to influence the _____ variable.
A) ordinal; independent
B) nominal; dependent
C) interval; dependent
D) nominal; independent

Accepted Answer

A two-way analysis of variance is used to examine the effects of two nominal or categorical independent variables on a single, continuous dependent variable, including both their independent effects and their interaction effect.

Question 15

Based on the research which of the following would be an example of an innocuous pick-up line?
A) Did it hurt when you fell from heaven?
B) Where are you from?
C) I'm huggable like a teddy bear, are you?
D) I am very interested in you.

Accepted Answer

An innocuous pick-up line is one that is harmless and not overly forward or suggestive. "Where are you from?" is a simple, neutral question that doesn't imply anything beyond a desire to know more about the person.

Question 16

_____ is a prediction that focuses on only one independent variable's effect on the dependent variable, ignoring all other independent variables.
A) A main effect hypothesis
B) An interaction effect hypothesis
C) A suppression effect
D) A crossover interaction

Accepted Answer

A main effect hypothesis predicts the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, without considering the impact of other variables. Interaction effect hypotheses, suppression effects, and crossover interactions involve the interplay between multiple variables.

Question 17

_____ is when one independent variable's influence on the dependent variable changes depending on the level of the other independent variable(s).
A) A factorial design
B) An interaction
C) A correlation
D) An effect size

Accepted Answer

An interaction occurs when the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable changes across the levels of another independent variable, indicating that the variables do not operate independently of each other.

Question 18

____ is when the influence of one independent variable on the other reverses across the levels of the other variable.
A) A main effect
B) A correlation
C) A crossover interaction
D) A marginal effect

Accepted Answer

A crossover interaction occurs when the influence of one independent variable on the dependent variable reverses across the levels of another independent variable. This means the effect of one variable depends on the level of another variable, leading to lines that cross when graphed.

Question 19

_____ is any factorial design that has at least one quasi-independent variable.
A) A one-way ANOVA
B) A chi-square test of independence
C) A repeated measures design
D) A hybrid design

Accepted Answer

A hybrid design incorporates at least one quasi-independent variable into a factorial design, differentiating it from designs that exclusively use fully independent or within-subjects variables.

Question 20

A 2003 study investigating complex genes and body scent attractiveness in men and women found that:
A) men preferred the scent of attractive women and those who had a higher probability of conception.
B) women preferred the scent of asymmetrical men over symmetrical men.
C) woman using contraceptives during the most fertile part of their menstrual cycle tended to prefer symmetrical men's scents over asymmetrical men's scents.
D) women preferred the scent of attractive men.

Accepted Answer

The study found that men preferred the scent of women who were more attractive and had a higher probability of conception, indicating a biological basis for scent preference linked to reproductive potential.

Quiz 11: Factorial Design: I Lost My Phone Number, Can I Borrow Yours Do Pick-Up Lines Really Work

Hybrid designs include any factorial design that has at least one _____ variable.

Why would using research confederates be helpful in an experiment?

_____ is a statistical test that allows researchers to simultaneously test how two separate nominal or categorical independent variables influence the dependent variable and how those independent variables interact to influence the dependent variable.

_____ refers to the average of all participants on one level of the independent variable, ignoring the other independent variable.

Marginal mean refers to the average of all participants on _ level(s) of the _ variable.

_____ is any experimental design that has more than one independent variable.

_____ refers to the average of the dependent variable for participants with a specific combination of the levels of the independent variables.

_____ is an effect in which two variables combine to produce an outcome that is bigger than what each individual variable contributes.

You can exclude study participants for all of these reasons EXCEPT:

Cell mean refers to the mean of the _ variables for participants with a specific combination of the levels of the _.

_____ is an effect in which two variables combine to produce an outcome that is smaller than what each individual variable contributes.

Ramona wants to conduct a study on how poetry influences students' creativity. Which of the following would be the best for optimizing mundane realism?

_____ is a description of a hypothetical situation, event, or scenario to which participants react.

A two-way analysis of variance is a statistical test that allows researchers to simultaneously test how two separate _ or categorical independent variables independently influence and interact to influence the _ variable.

Based on the research which of the following would be an example of an innocuous pick-up line?

_____ is a prediction that focuses on only one independent variable's effect on the dependent variable, ignoring all other independent variables.

_____ is when one independent variable's influence on the dependent variable changes depending on the level of the other independent variable(s) .

____ is when the influence of one independent variable on the other reverses across the levels of the other variable.

_____ is any factorial design that has at least one quasi-independent variable.

A 2003 study investigating complex genes and body scent attractiveness in men and women found that: