Question 1

Harry Harlow presented infant monkeys with two "surrogate mothers." One was a bare wire cylinder with a feeding bottle, and the other was a wire cylinder covered with soft terry cloth that had no feeding bottle. In his experiments ___________.
A)infant monkeys became attached to the bare wire mother
B)infant monkeys became attached to the terry cloth mother
C)infant monkeys did not become attached to either mother and showed strong symptoms of anxiety
D)some monkeys became attached to the bare wire mother, whereas others became attached to the terry cloth mother

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow's experiments demonstrated that infant monkeys preferred the comfort provided by a soft, terry cloth "mother" over a bare wire "mother" that provided food, highlighting the importance of comfort and tactile stimulation in the formation of attachment in primates.

Question 2

In their research investigating the impact of temperament on psychological development, Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess found that infants classified as _________ were more likely to suffer from behavioural and emotional problems during childhood.
A)ill-tempered
B)overly friendly
C)slow-to-warm-up
D)difficult

Accepted Answer

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess's research identified three basic types of infant temperament: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up. They found that infants classified as "difficult" were more likely to experience behavioral and emotional problems during childhood.

Question 3

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that they appeared to develop more of an emotional bond with a "surrogate mother" who _________, a finding that has strong implications regarding the nature of ____________.
A)was made of soft terry cloth; attachment
B)was made of soft terry cloth; conservation
C)provided food; attachment
D)provided food; separation anxiety

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys showed that the monkeys formed stronger emotional bonds with a soft, terry cloth "surrogate mother" than with a wire mother that provided food, highlighting the importance of comfort and tactile stimulation in the development of attachment.

Question 4

In his work examining the stability of shyness in early childhood, Jerome Kagan and his colleagues have found that the behavioural inhibition temperament variable is ___________.
A)completely unrelated to future behaviour patterns
B)highly consistent and stable for the vast majority of children
C)related to future behaviour patterns, but only for children rated as being extremely uninhibited
D)related to future behaviour patterns, but only for children rated as being extremely uninhibited or extremely inhibited

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan's research on behavioral inhibition, a temperament variable, shows that it is related to future behavior patterns specifically for children who are at the extremes of the inhibition spectrum, meaning those who are either extremely uninhibited or extremely inhibited.

Question 5

Talwar at McGill and Kang Lee at the University of Toronto (2002) studied lying in three- to seven-year-old Canadians. Based on their findings, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)Neither parents nor strangers could tell if the older children were lying when they reviewed the children's videotaped answers.
B)Police and customs officers trained in lie-detection failed to discriminate between lie- and truth-tellers.
C)80 percent of the older children in their study lied.
D)Young children were unable to tell elaborate lies.

Accepted Answer

Young children, even as young as three years old, have been found capable of telling lies, including elaborate ones. The statement that young children were unable to tell elaborate lies is false; research has shown that children can and do tell complex lies from a young age.

Question 6

The strong emotional bond that develops between human children and their primary caregivers is called __________. Its creation appears to be governed by a ___________ period, because it is most easily established during the first one to two years of a child's life.
A)attachment; sensitive
B)attachment; critical
C)imprinting; sensitive
D)imprinting; critical

Accepted Answer

The correct term for the strong emotional bond that develops between human children and their primary caregivers is "attachment," and the period during which this bond is most easily formed is referred to as a "sensitive period," not a "critical period." This distinction is important because, while attachment can still form outside this optimal timeframe, it becomes increasingly difficult.

Question 7

John Bowlby's ____________ attachment behaviour phase typically begins around three months of age and, during this phase, the infant tends to direct its attachment behaviours toward _____________.
A)indiscriminate; everyone
B)discriminate; familiar caregivers
C)specific; regular caregivers
D)differentiation; particular caregivers

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's discriminate attachment behaviour phase starts around three months of age, where infants begin to show a preference for familiar caregivers over strangers.

Question 8

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the order of the four crises that occur in infancy and childhood are ___________.
A)autonomy versus initiative, basic trust versus mistrust, initiative versus guilt, and industry versus inferiority
B)basic trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, and industry versus inferiority
C)basic trust versus mistrust, industry versus inferiority, initiative versus guilt, and autonomy versus shame and doubt
D)initiative versus guilt, autonomy versus shame and doubt, basic trust versus mistrust, and industry versus inferiority

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory outlines stages in the order of basic trust versus mistrust (infancy), autonomy versus shame and doubt (early childhood), initiative versus guilt (play age), and industry versus inferiority (school age).

Question 9

Jake, a two-year-old toddler, is left with a babysitter while his parents go out to dinner. Surprisingly, he isn't particularly upset when they leave though he clings to his teddy bear. In addition to the fact that Jake has learned that his parents don't cease to exist when they are out of his sight, Jake's response is most likely a result of ___________.
A)object permanence
B)development of emotion regulation skills
C)egocentrism
D)the process of accommodation

Accepted Answer

Jake's response is most likely a result of the development of emotion regulation skills, which allows him to manage his emotions and not become overly upset when his parents leave.

Question 10

Erik Erikson (1968) proposed that personality develops through confronting __________, each of which involves a different conflict over how individuals view themselves in relation to other people and the world.
A)cognitive developmental stages
B)psychosexual stages
C)psychosocial stages
D)attachment stages

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson is known for his theory on the psychosocial development of human beings, which posits that personality develops through confronting a series of eight psychosocial stages, each characterized by a different conflict that must be resolved for healthy psychological development.

Question 11

Around six months of age, infants begin to express ___________.
A)joy, surprise, and differentiated expressions of distress
B)their sense of self
C)their biologically based temperament
D)emotional competence

Accepted Answer

Around six months of age, infants begin to express joy, surprise, and differentiated expressions of distress, marking a developmental milestone in their emotional expression.

Question 12

Around the age of 18 months, infants can recognize themselves in a mirror, showing developmental psychologists that these children have developed ___________.
A)object permanence
B)a sense of self
C)egocentrism
D)concrete operational thinking

Accepted Answer

Around the age of 18 months, infants begin to recognize themselves in a mirror, which indicates that they have developed a sense of self. This is a key developmental milestone in understanding one's own identity and differentiating oneself from others.

Question 13

In what stage of cognitive development is Anna, if she can think logically about concrete events?
A)Sensorimotor
B)Preoperational
C)Concrete operational
D)Formal operational

Accepted Answer

Anna is in the Concrete Operational stage of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget's theory. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 11 years old and is characterized by the development of logical thought concerning concrete events.

Question 14

A young child who is showing a great deal of interest in and curiosity about the world would most likely be said to be in Erik Erikson's _____________ stage.
A)basic trust versus basic mistrust
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)initiative versus guilt
D)industry versus inferiority

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage typically occurs in early childhood, around ages 3 to 5. During this stage, children are eager to take on new challenges, ask many questions, and demonstrate a high level of curiosity about the world around them.

Question 15

Although he previously showed no problems with strangers, little Joey has become more apprehensive around them when he's upset, and he frequently is inconsolable until his mother or father picks him up. John Bowl by would most likely classify Joey as being in the __________ attachment behaviour phase.
A)indiscriminate
B)definitive
C)precise
D)specific

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby would most likely classify Joey as being in the "specific" attachment behaviour phase. This phase typically begins around 7 months of age, when infants start to show a strong attachment to specific caregivers (usually the parents) and may show anxiety or distress when separated from them or when approached by strangers. Joey's behavior of becoming apprehensive around strangers and being inconsolable until picked up by his mother or father is indicative of this phase.

Question 16

Although Jean Piaget assumed that children under the age of ___________ have great difficulty understanding other people's mental states, recent studies have suggested that children have some understanding that other people's perspectives can differ from their own by the age of ___________.
A)8 to 9; 7
B)6 to 7; 4
C)4 to 5; 3
D)3; 2

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although Jean Piaget assumed that children under...

Question 17

The process by which an individual evaluates and modifies emotional reactions is called emotion ___________.
A)display
B)development
C)regulation
D)competence

Accepted Answer

Emotion regulation refers to the process by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions.

Question 18

The phenomenon of imprinting is most relevant to the concept of ___________.
A)sensitive periods
B)critical periods
C)a zone of proximal development
D)contact comfort

Accepted Answer

Imprinting is a form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object with which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experience and thereafter follows that object. This phenomenon is most relevant to the concept of critical periods, a specific time in an organism's development when it is particularly sensitive to certain environmental stimuli, making it easier for the organism to acquire certain behaviors.

Question 19

A biologically based predisposition to react to the environment in specific behavioural and emotional ways is the way the text defines _________________.
A)temperament
B)egocentrism
C)a zone of proximal development
D)conservation

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the innate traits that influence how one reacts to the world, including behavioral and emotional patterns, which is consistent with the definition provided.

Question 20

How adequately a person's needs are met and how much love they receive determine the amount of faith that he or she has in the world according to Erik Erikson's __________________ stage of psychosocial development.
A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)basic trust versus basic mistrust
C)initiative versus guilt
D)industry versus inferiority

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's "basic trust versus basic mistrust" stage is the first stage of his theory of psychosocial development, focusing on the infancy period (0-1 years). In this stage, the quality of caregiving, including the amount of love and fulfillment of needs, determines whether a child develops a sense of trust or mistrust towards the world.

Quiz 12: Development Over the Lifespan

Harry Harlow presented infant monkeys with two "surrogate mothers." One was a bare wire cylinder with a feeding bottle, and the other was a wire cylinder covered with soft terry cloth that had no feeding bottle. In his experiments ___________.

In their research investigating the impact of temperament on psychological development, Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess found that infants classified as _________ were more likely to suffer from behavioural and emotional problems during childhood.

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that they appeared to develop more of an emotional bond with a "surrogate mother" who _, a finding that has strong implications regarding the nature of ____.

In his work examining the stability of shyness in early childhood, Jerome Kagan and his colleagues have found that the behavioural inhibition temperament variable is ___________.

Talwar at McGill and Kang Lee at the University of Toronto (2002) studied lying in three- to seven-year-old Canadians. Based on their findings, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The strong emotional bond that develops between human children and their primary caregivers is called . Its creation appears to be governed by a _ period, because it is most easily established during the first one to two years of a child's life.

John Bowlby's attachment behaviour phase typically begins around three months of age and, during this phase, the infant tends to direct its attachment behaviours toward _.

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the order of the four crises that occur in infancy and childhood are ___________.

Erik Erikson (1968) proposed that personality develops through confronting __________, each of which involves a different conflict over how individuals view themselves in relation to other people and the world.

Around six months of age, infants begin to express ___________.

Around the age of 18 months, infants can recognize themselves in a mirror, showing developmental psychologists that these children have developed ___________.

In what stage of cognitive development is Anna, if she can think logically about concrete events?

A young child who is showing a great deal of interest in and curiosity about the world would most likely be said to be in Erik Erikson's _____________ stage.

Although Jean Piaget assumed that children under the age of _ have great difficulty understanding other people's mental states, recent studies have suggested that children have some understanding that other people's perspectives can differ from their own by the age of _.

The process by which an individual evaluates and modifies emotional reactions is called emotion ___________.

The phenomenon of imprinting is most relevant to the concept of ___________.

A biologically based predisposition to react to the environment in specific behavioural and emotional ways is the way the text defines _________________.

How adequately a person's needs are met and how much love they receive determine the amount of faith that he or she has in the world according to Erik Erikson's __________________ stage of psychosocial development.