Question 1

At this stage of psychosocial development in Erik Erikson's model, how a person's needs are met and how much love they receive determine the amount of faith that they have in the world. This stage is called
A)autonomy vs.shame and doubt
B)basic trust vs.basic mistrust
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)industry vs.inferiority

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's model of psychosocial development identifies the stage of basic trust vs. basic mistrust as the first stage, occurring in infancy. This stage emphasizes the importance of the quality of care, including the love and attention the infant receives, in developing a sense of trust or mistrust towards the world.

Question 2

A biologically based predisposition to react to the environment in specific behavioural and emotional ways is defined as __________.
A)temperament
B)egocentrism
C)a zone of proximal development
D)conservation

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment. It is considered a biological basis of personality.

Question 3

Studies examining a child's ability to lie and use deception would most likely be used by developmental researchers to make inferences regarding
A)the validity of the concept of a zone of proximal development
B)the specific age at which object permanence develops
C)the child's egocentrism and theory of mind
D)the specific age at which conservation develops

Accepted Answer

Studies on a child's ability to lie and use deception are often used to infer the development of theory of mind, which is the understanding that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own. This ability is crucial for effective deception, as it involves predicting and manipulating others' thoughts. Egocentrism, the inability to differentiate between one's own perspective and someone else's, is a related concept that decreases as theory of mind develops.

Question 4

Erik Erikson is best known for his work with
A)moral reasoning
B)attachment
C)psychosocial development
D)temperament

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson is best known for his theory of psychosocial development, which outlines eight stages of development from infancy to adulthood, each characterized by a specific crisis that individuals must resolve.

Question 5

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, all of the following should be true EXCEPT
A)children make moral decisions based on punishment before they make them based on rewards
B)children make moral decisions based on social expectations before they make them based on rewards
C)children make moral decisions based on rules that must be obeyed before they make them based on social expectations
D)children make moral decisions based on individual rights before they make them based on abstract, ethical principles that are universal

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's model, children first make decisions based on rewards and punishments (pre-conventional level), then based on social expectations and rules (conventional level), and finally based on individual rights and universal ethical principles (post-conventional level).

Question 6

Recent research on Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development has concluded all of the following EXCEPT
A)from childhood through adolescence, moral reasoning changes from preconventional to conventional levels
B)children's different moral judgments are consistent within the stage that they are in
C)even in adulthood, postconventional reasoning is relatively uncommon
D)evidence for a gender bias in the stages is mixed

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory suggests that as individuals progress through the stages of moral development, their reasoning becomes more sophisticated and abstract. However, research has shown that children's moral judgments can vary significantly, even within the same developmental stage, indicating that their reasoning may not always be consistent within a stage. This inconsistency challenges the idea that children's moral judgments are uniform across different moral dilemmas at the same stage of development.

Question 7

When we compare Piaget's view of cognitive development with the information processing view
A)both approaches acknowledge that the child plays a passive role in their own development
B)both approaches see the child as playing an active role in their own development
C)both approaches view that changes occur abruptly
D)the Piagetian view is that children play an active role whereas in the information processing view the child's role is more passive

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development and the information processing approach both emphasize the active role of children in their own development. Piaget proposed that children construct knowledge through their interactions with the world, while the information processing approach compares the mind to a computer, focusing on how children process information, but still sees them as actively engaging with and learning from their environment.

Question 8

A child who places a great deal of attention on striving for achievement and mastering various tasks such as cleaning the dishes, shooting a basketball, or getting good grades in school would most likely be classified as being in Erik Erikson's ______________ stage of psychosocial development.
A)basic trust vs.basic mistrust
B)initiative vs.guilt
C)industry vs.inferiority
D)autonomy vs.shame and doubt

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's stage of industry vs. inferiority typically occurs between the ages of 5 and 12 years. In this stage, children focus on developing a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. They strive for achievement and mastery in tasks, which aligns with the description of the child's behavior in the question.

Question 9

The concept theory of mind is most closely related to which of the following constructs?
A)Egocentrism
B)Zone of proximal development
C)Object permanence
D)Conservation

Accepted Answer

Theory of mind is closely related to egocentrism, as both concepts involve understanding perspectives different from one's own. Theory of mind refers to the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own. Egocentrism, often discussed in the context of cognitive development in children, is the inability to differentiate between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective. Understanding that other people have different thoughts and feelings is a key aspect of developing a theory of mind, which moves beyond egocentrism.

Question 10

All of the following were mentioned as criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning EXCEPT
A)Studies show that frequently children skip stages of moral reasoning.
B)Few people ever reach the postconventional level of reasoning.
C)Kohlberg's model focuses too much on moral thinking and not enough on moral behaviour.
D)Kohlberg's model utilized a potentially culturally biased conception of "justice."

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory does not suggest that children frequently skip stages. Instead, it posits that moral development progresses through a fixed sequence of stages, without skipping.

Question 11

Research studies examining the information-processing speeds of children have consistently found that processing speeds improve continuously with age, and that the most rapid rate of change occurs between the ages of _________.
A)4 and 6 years
B)10 and 14 years
C)8 and 12 years
D)5 and 9 years

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that the most rapid improvement in information-processing speeds in children occurs between the ages of 8 and 12 years, as this is a critical period for cognitive development and maturation.

Question 12

In response to the moral dilemma in which a man must decide whether he should steal a medication to save his dying wife, a child says that he should steal the drug because if he lets his wife die he'll get into trouble. This child would be classified as being in Lawrence Kohlberg's __________ level of moral reasoning.
A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)conventional
D)concrete operational

Accepted Answer

The child's reasoning is based on avoiding punishment and personal consequences, which aligns with Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning. This level is characterized by an individual's focus on direct consequences to themselves, rather than societal rules or ethical principles.

Question 13

A child is told a story about Bobby, who puts his teddy bear under his bed and then goes outside to play. While he is gone, Bobby's mother comes in to clean his room, finds his teddy bear, and puts it in the closet. When asked where Bobby will look for his teddy bear when he returns, most 2- and 3-year olds will say that Bobby will look ____________, and most 4-year olds will say __________.
A)under the bed; under the bed as well
B)in the closet; in the closet as well
C)under the bed; in the closet
D)in the closet; under the bed

Accepted Answer

This question is related to the concept of theory of mind, which is the ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own. Most 2- and 3-year-olds have not yet fully developed this ability, so they assume that Bobby will look where they know the teddy bear actually is (in the closet), not realizing that Bobby does not have this information. Most 4-year-olds, however, have developed a more advanced theory of mind and understand that Bobby will look where he last saw the teddy bear, which is under the bed.

Question 14

Which of the following conclusions regarding Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development has received empirical support?
A)Contrary to his model, it is not uncommon for children to skip a level of moral development.
B)A person's moral judgments do not always reflect the same level or stages within levels.
C)Even in adulthood, conventional moral reasoning is relatively uncommon.
D)When it does occur, postconventional reasoning is more common in males.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory posits that moral development progresses through a series of stages, but research has shown that individuals do not always reason at the same stage consistently across different situations, supporting option B.

Question 15

A child claims that stealing a medication to save a life is wrong because it violates the fundamental and essential ethical principle of justice, which allows society to function effectively. Lawrence Kohlberg would most likely classify this child as being at which level of moral reasoning?
A)Stage 3
B)Stage 4
C)Stage 5
D)Stage 6

Accepted Answer

The answer of A child claims that stealing a medication...

Question 16

Though Jean Piaget assumed that children under the age of 6 to 7 years old have great difficulty understanding other people's mental states, recent studies have suggested that children have some understanding that other people's perspectives can differ from their own by the age of ____________.
A)5 years
B)3 to 4 years
C)2 to 3 years
D)2 years

Accepted Answer

Recent studies have shown that children as young as 3 to 4 years old can grasp that other people may have perspectives different from their own, challenging Piaget's original assumption about the development of this understanding.

Question 17

In his model of psychosocial development, Erik Erikson proposed that personality
A)is predetermined by innate temperaments
B)is fixed by the time a child is 5 years old
C)is fixed by the time a child reaches adolescence
D)is not fixed and is free to vary across a lifetime

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's model of psychosocial development suggests that personality development occurs through a series of stages across a person's lifetime, indicating that personality is not fixed and can change over time.

Question 18

The primary difference between Lawrence Kohlberg's stage 3 and stage 4 moral reasoning is that in stage 3, children base their decisions on social expectations, while in stage 4 they base them on ____________.
A)punishments
B)rules that must be obeyed
C)rewards
D)higher abstract principle, such as justice

Accepted Answer

In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Stage 3 is characterized by the "Good Interpersonal Relationships" orientation, where moral reasoning is based on living up to social expectations and roles. Stage 4, known as the "Maintaining Social Order" stage, focuses on abiding by laws, rules, and authority to maintain societal order, rather than on abstract principles or the consequences of actions (such as punishments or rewards).

Question 19

Research studies examining the information-processing variables involved in the memories of young children have found that
A)preschool children use rehearsal as often as 8- to10-year olds
B)preschool children use rehearsal less effectively and less often than 8- to 10-year olds
C)preschool children use chunking as well as 8- to 10-year olds, but make less effective use of rehearsal
D)preschool children use rehearsal as well as 8- to 10-year olds, but make less effective use of chunking

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that preschool children use rehearsal less effectively and less often than older children, such as those aged 8 to 10 years. Older children have more developed memory strategies, including more effective use of rehearsal.

Question 20

Some theorists assert that children still learn new and unique ways of processing information as they age, whereas results from studies examining the information-processing abilities of young children are often used to argue that cognitive development is ____________.
A)determined by sensitive periods
B)schema-driven
C)discontinuous
D)continuous

Accepted Answer

Cognitive development is often argued to be continuous based on studies examining the information-processing abilities of young children. This perspective suggests that cognitive abilities develop gradually and steadily over time, rather than in distinct stages or through sudden changes.

Quiz 12: Development Over the Lifespan

At this stage of psychosocial development in Erik Erikson's model, how a person's needs are met and how much love they receive determine the amount of faith that they have in the world. This stage is called

A biologically based predisposition to react to the environment in specific behavioural and emotional ways is defined as __________.

Studies examining a child's ability to lie and use deception would most likely be used by developmental researchers to make inferences regarding

Erik Erikson is best known for his work with

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, all of the following should be true EXCEPT

Recent research on Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development has concluded all of the following EXCEPT

When we compare Piaget's view of cognitive development with the information processing view

A child who places a great deal of attention on striving for achievement and mastering various tasks such as cleaning the dishes, shooting a basketball, or getting good grades in school would most likely be classified as being in Erik Erikson's ______________ stage of psychosocial development.

The concept theory of mind is most closely related to which of the following constructs?

All of the following were mentioned as criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning EXCEPT

Research studies examining the information-processing speeds of children have consistently found that processing speeds improve continuously with age, and that the most rapid rate of change occurs between the ages of _________.

Which of the following conclusions regarding Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development has received empirical support?

A child claims that stealing a medication to save a life is wrong because it violates the fundamental and essential ethical principle of justice, which allows society to function effectively. Lawrence Kohlberg would most likely classify this child as being at which level of moral reasoning?

Though Jean Piaget assumed that children under the age of 6 to 7 years old have great difficulty understanding other people's mental states, recent studies have suggested that children have some understanding that other people's perspectives can differ from their own by the age of ____________.

In his model of psychosocial development, Erik Erikson proposed that personality

The primary difference between Lawrence Kohlberg's stage 3 and stage 4 moral reasoning is that in stage 3, children base their decisions on social expectations, while in stage 4 they base them on ____________.

Research studies examining the information-processing variables involved in the memories of young children have found that

Some theorists assert that children still learn new and unique ways of processing information as they age, whereas results from studies examining the information-processing abilities of young children are often used to argue that cognitive development is ____________.