Question 1

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) __________.
A) unconditioned response
B) voluntary response
C) conditioned response
D) digestive reflux

Accepted Answer

Salivation is an automatic response to the presence of food in the mouth, and it occurs without any prior training or conditioning. Therefore, salivation is an unconditioned response.

Question 2

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?
A) The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
B) The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
C) The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's initial observation was that the dogs started to salivate when they saw his assistant and before they actually received the food. This sparked his interest and led to his experiments investigating the conditioning of salivation in response to stimuli other than the actual presence of food.

Question 3

The abbreviation UCS stands for __________.
A) unconditional statement
B) uniform conditioned subject
C) unconditional sensation
D) unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

UCS stands for unconditioned stimulus, which is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning.

Question 4

The abbreviation UCR stands for __________.
A) unconditional reinforcement
B) uniform conditioned rule
C) unconditional retention
D) unconditioned response

Accepted Answer

UCR stands for unconditioned response, which is an automatic and involuntary response to a stimulus. It is not related to reinforcement, rules, or retention.

Question 5

Olivia noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) __________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The sound of the pantry door opening has become a conditioned stimulus that elicits the hungry behavior in the dog, which is a conditioned response. The dog initially learned to associate the sound of the door with food, which is why it now responds in this way.

Question 6

Every time Jhumpa goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning BEST describes the dog's behavior?
A) classical conditioning
B) innate learning
C) punishment by removal
D) instinctive drift

Accepted Answer

The dog's behavior is an example of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (the car keys) becomes associated with an emotional response (the dog feeling sad) through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (Jhumpa leaving for work).

Question 7

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because __________.
A) it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles
B) once you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action
C) it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes
D) memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that learning can physically change the brain by creating new neural connections or strengthening existing ones. This results in a relatively permanent change in behavior as the brain is altered to support the newly learned behavior. Option A is incorrect as it refers to muscle fiber patterns, which are not directly responsible for learning. Option B is incorrect as forgetting can occur due to a variety of factors, including interference and decay. Option D is incorrect as memory processes are necessary for retaining newly learned information, but they are not equivalent to learning processes.

Question 8

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a __________.
A) physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk
B) physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys
C) physiologist who was studying digestion
D) dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, while he was studying the digestion in dogs.

Question 9

When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) __________.
A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

The salivation is an unconditioned response, meaning it is a natural, reflexive response to the presentation of food.

Question 10

As an infant, Isla received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of __________.
A) instrumental learning
B) observational learning
C) classical conditioning
D) habituation

Accepted Answer

The situation described is an example of classical conditioning - Isla is exhibiting an emotional response (crying) to a previously neutral stimulus (photographer in a white coat) due to its association with a past experience (receiving painful penicillin injections from a doctor wearing a similar white coat).

Question 11

Nigel always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
A) presence of Nigel near the aquarium
B) fish swimming to the top
C) aquarium light
D) fish food

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. In this case, the unconditioned stimulus is the fish food as it naturally and automatically triggers the fish to swim to the top to look for the food. The other options are not the unconditioned stimulus as they do not trigger the fish's behavior without any prior learning.

Question 12

Ivan Pavlov, who is credited with discovering classical conditioning, was a __________.
A) psychiatrist
B) psychologist
C) neurologist
D) physiologist

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov was a physiologist who studied digestion in dogs and discovered classical conditioning in the process.

Question 13

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is TRUE?
A) The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus.
B) The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
C) The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.
D) The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior learning. In this experiment, the puff of air is the UCS because it elicits the natural response of blinking without any prior learning. The sound, on the other hand, is the conditioned stimulus (CS) because it is paired with the UCS (puff of air) to eventually elicit the conditioned response (blinking of the eye). Therefore, B is the correct answer.

Question 14

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of __________.
A) maturation
B) learning
C) habituation
D) growth cycles

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to changes that are biologically determined by genetic blueprints and unfold over time regardless of environmental influences or experiences. Examples include physical changes such as growth in height or the maturation of the brain and nervous system. Learning, habituation, and growth cycles are all processes that can be influenced by environmental factors and experiences.

Question 15

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was __________.
A) Skinner
B) Tolman
C) Kohler
D) Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning in the late 1800s through his studies on the digestive systems of dogs.

Question 16

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following components "elicits" a response?
A) UCR
B) UCS
C) CER
D) CSR

Accepted Answer

The UCS (unconditioned stimulus) is the component that elicits a response in classical conditioning. It is the natural stimulus that triggers a reflex or innate response without any prior learning.

Question 17

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called __________.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) memory linkage
D) adaptation

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a neutral stimulus with a natural, unconditioned stimulus to elicit a particular response. Over time, the neutral stimulus alone will elicit the same response as the natural stimulus. This is how a reflex response can be learned to a new stimulus other than the original natural stimulus.

Question 18

When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) __________.
A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus, which produced an unconditioned response (salivation) in the dogs.

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?
A) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's original intention was to study digestion in dogs, and he accidentally discovered classical conditioning while measuring salivation in response to food.

Question 20

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
A) Learning
B) Adaptation
C) Memory enhancement
D) Muscle memory

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience or practice. Adaptation refers to a process of adjusting to environmental conditions. Memory enhancement refers to improving one's ability to remember information. Muscle memory refers to the ability of muscles to retain memory of a specific movement pattern.

Quiz 5: Learning

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) __________.

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

The abbreviation UCS stands for __________.

The abbreviation UCR stands for __________.

Olivia noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) __________.

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because __________.

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a __________.

When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) __________.

As an infant, Isla received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of __________.

Nigel always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

Ivan Pavlov, who is credited with discovering classical conditioning, was a __________.

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is TRUE?

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of __________.

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was __________.

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following components "elicits" a response?

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called __________.

When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) __________.

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.