Question 1

When findings from a study are likely to generalize to other people and other settings, the study is said to have ____.
A)external validity
B)internal validity
C)construct validity
D)mundane realism

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.

Question 2

In which of the following situations would Igor be MOST likely to experience reactance?
A)He is out on a first date with an attractive person and trying to make a good impression.
B)He comes home and finds his older brother reading his journal-where he has written deep, dark secrets that he does not want anyone to see.
C)He sleeps through an important job interview, and only has himself to blame.
D)He finds out that his mother has cancer, and that she has been hiding it from him for several years because she doesn't want him to worry.

Accepted Answer

Reactance is a psychological response to situations where a person feels that their freedom or autonomy is being threatened or taken away. In option B, Igor's privacy and personal autonomy are directly violated when his older brother reads his journal without permission, making this scenario the most likely to provoke reactance.

Question 3

Research studies that withhold information from participants or intentionally mislead them about the purpose of the study are referred to as ____ studies.
A)deception
B)accomplice
C)falsification
D)fraudulent

Accepted Answer

Deception studies involve withholding information from participants or intentionally misleading them about the purpose of the study to ensure the study's validity or to avoid influencing participants' behavior in a way that could bias the results.

Question 4

Compared to laboratory experiments, field experiments tend to be ____.
A)low in internal validity and low in external validity
B)low in internal validity and high in external validity
C)high in internal validity and low in external validity
D)high in internal validity and high in external validity

Accepted Answer

Field experiments are conducted in natural settings rather than controlled environments, which often results in lower control over variables (hence lower internal validity) but higher generalizability of the findings to real-world situations (hence higher external validity).

Question 5

Using more than one exemplar of a stimulus (such as more than one violent video game in a study investigating violent video content on aggression)is known as ____.
A)stimulus sampling
B)meta-analysis
C)factorial design
D)quasi-experiment stimulus of interest

Accepted Answer

Stimulus sampling refers to the use of multiple examples or instances of a particular stimulus (in this case, violent video games) in research to ensure that the findings are not dependent on the peculiarities of a single stimulus. This approach helps in generalizing the results across different stimuli of the same type.

Question 6

Today, ____ studies conducted at universities must first obtain institutional review board approval.
A)only publicly-funded
B)only privately-funded
C)only federally-funded
D)both funded and unfunded

Accepted Answer

All studies conducted at universities, regardless of their funding status, must obtain institutional review board (IRB) approval to ensure ethical standards are met, especially when human subjects are involved.

Question 7

Suppose you are a research participant in a laboratory study that is examining fear and social support. The researcher shows you an extremely scary movie and then asks you whether you feel like talking to anyone (and if so, who)once the movie is over. Although you are in a laboratory setting the whole time, which does not resemble "real life" at all, you become engrossed in the procedures of the study and almost forget that you are in a study. Thus, in your experience, this study is:
A)low in experimental realism and low in mundane realism
B)low in experimental realism and high in mundane realism
C)high in experimental realism and low in mundane realism
D)high in experimental realism and high in mundane realism

Accepted Answer

The study is high in experimental realism because you become engrossed in the procedures and almost forget you are in a study, indicating that the psychological processes being studied are engaged effectively. It is low in mundane realism because the laboratory setting does not resemble real-life situations closely.

Question 8

Can correlational studies or experiments ever be conducted outside of the laboratory?
A)No, both of these types of studies are always performed in the lab.
B)Correlational studies can be conducted inside the laboratory or out in the "real world," but experiments are always conducted in the lab.
C)Correlational studies are always conducted in the "real world" and experiments are always conducted in the lab.
D)Both correlational studies and experiments can be performed in the lab or in the "real world."

Accepted Answer

Both correlational studies and experiments can be conducted in various settings, including both laboratory environments and real-world contexts. This flexibility allows researchers to study phenomena in controlled settings or natural environments, depending on the research question and objectives.

Question 9

When experiments are conducted outside of the laboratory, in real-world settings, they are called ____.
A)correlational studies
B)field experiments
C)quasi-experiments
D)deception studies

Accepted Answer

Field experiments are conducted outside of the laboratory in real-world settings, allowing researchers to study phenomena in natural contexts.

Question 10

Almost all research requires that researchers provide participants with a(n)____.
A)offer of compensation
B)copy of the research report
C)preliminary debriefing
D)consent form

Accepted Answer

Most research, especially involving human participants, requires informed consent, which is typically documented using a consent form. This ensures participants are aware of the study's nature, risks, and benefits before agreeing to participate.

Question 11

The purposes of the oral or written statement participants receive at the end of a psychological study include _____.
A)explaining to them what informed consent actually is
B)ensuring that they receive appropriate compensation
C)reducing or eliminating harm caused by their participation
D)allowing them to refuse to allow their data to be used

Accepted Answer

At the end of a psychological study, participants often receive a debriefing statement that explains the nature of the study and its purpose. This is done to reduce or eliminate any harm or distress caused by their participation, especially if the study involved deception or potentially distressing procedures. It helps in ensuring that participants leave the study in a state of well-being.

Question 12

Suppose a researcher asked you to answer a series of personal questions about your sexual life. You might (justifiably)feel annoyed and intruded upon, and find yourself being rude to the researcher, or even purposely giving the researcher incorrect information. Your response would be an example of ____.
A)experimental realism
B)accomplice behavior
C)mundane realism
D)reactance

Accepted Answer

Reactance is a psychological response wherein individuals exhibit resistance or opposition to requests or regulations perceived as an infringement on their freedoms or autonomy. In this scenario, the feeling of intrusion and the subsequent rude or deceptive behavior can be seen as a form of reactance, where the person is trying to reassert control or push back against what they perceive as an inappropriate or overly personal inquiry.

Question 13

The term "reactance" is used to refer to the tendency for people to
A)revert to simplistic, childlike ways of dealing with situations when they are under stress
B)try to "look good" or say the "right" thing when their behavior is being observed
C)pretend to feel the opposite of how they are really feeling when they are ashamed or embarrassed about their true feelings
D)have an unpleasant emotional response when others are trying to restrict their freedom

Accepted Answer

Reactance is a psychological response where individuals experience negative emotions when they perceive their freedom to choose is being limited or threatened, leading them to resist the influence or change their behavior to reassert their freedom.

Question 14

If an experiment gets participants psychologically involved and engaged, but the setting does not resemble the real world, then the experiment would be said to be ____.
A)low in experimental realism and low in mundane realism
B)low in experimental realism and high in mundane realism
C)high in experimental realism and low in mundane realism
D)high in experimental realism and high in mundane realism

Accepted Answer

The experiment is high in experimental realism because it gets participants psychologically involved and engaged, but it is low in mundane realism because the setting does not resemble the real world.

Question 15

Suppose a researcher decided to study everyday altruism toward men versus women by leaving (fake)fully addressed college applications in airport lobbies (identical except with male vs. female applicant names), and then tracking the number of people who send in the application. What kind of study is this?
A)A laboratory study
B)A field experiment
C)A correlational study
D)A quasi-experiment

Accepted Answer

This is a field experiment because the researcher manipulates an independent variable (the gender of the applicant on the college application) in a natural setting (airport lobbies) to observe the effect on a dependent variable (whether or not the application is sent in by passersby).

Question 16

After participants have been deliberately deceived in an experiment, ethical standards require that they be ____.
A)compensated
B)debriefed
C)allowed to withdraw consent
D)permitted to confront the experimenter

Accepted Answer

Debriefing is a standard ethical requirement after deception in experiments. It involves explaining the true nature and purpose of the experiment to the participants, thereby addressing any misinformation or misunderstanding they might have as a result of the deception.

Question 17

When the effects of two variables cannot be separated, ____ has occurred.
A)confounding
B)random variability
C)an interaction
D)a main effect

Accepted Answer

Confounding occurs when the effects of two variables on a response cannot be distinguished from each other. This means that any effect observed could be attributed to either variable, making it difficult to determine the true cause of an effect.

Question 18

In the ____, medical doctors from the U.S. Public Health Service studied the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African American men who thought they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government from 1932 to 1972.
A)Tuskegee study
B)Stanford experiment
C)obedience experiment
D)Hastings study

Accepted Answer

The Tuskegee study is the correct answer because it was an infamous clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service, studying the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African American men under the guise of receiving free health care.

Question 19

If an experiment does NOT get participants psychologically involved and engaged, even though the setting of the experiment closely resembles the real world physically, then the experiment would be said to be ____.
A)low in experimental realism and low in mundane realism
B)low in experimental realism but high in mundane realism
C)high in experimental realism but low in mundane realism
D)high in experimental realism and high in mundane realism

Accepted Answer

Experimental realism refers to the extent to which an experiment is engaging and involves its participants psychologically, while mundane realism refers to how much an experiment physically resembles the real world. If participants are not psychologically involved, the experiment is low in experimental realism, but if the setting closely resembles the real world, it is high in mundane realism.

Question 20

Researchers often attempt to design studies that will be high in both experimental realism and mundane realism. However, ____.
A)experimental realism is generally considered to be far more important
B)mundane realism is generally considered to be far more important
C)experimental realism is really only important in true experiments
D)mundane realism is almost impossible to achieve in practical terms

Accepted Answer

Experimental realism is often prioritized because it focuses on the extent to which the experiment impacts participants and leads them to behave naturally and seriously, which is crucial for the validity of the experiment's findings.

Quiz 1: The Mission and the Method

When findings from a study are likely to generalize to other people and other settings, the study is said to have ____.

In which of the following situations would Igor be MOST likely to experience reactance?

Research studies that withhold information from participants or intentionally mislead them about the purpose of the study are referred to as ____ studies.

Compared to laboratory experiments, field experiments tend to be ____.

Using more than one exemplar of a stimulus (such as more than one violent video game in a study investigating violent video content on aggression) is known as ____.

Today, ____ studies conducted at universities must first obtain institutional review board approval.

Can correlational studies or experiments ever be conducted outside of the laboratory?

When experiments are conducted outside of the laboratory, in real-world settings, they are called ____.

Almost all research requires that researchers provide participants with a(n) ____.

The purposes of the oral or written statement participants receive at the end of a psychological study include _____.

The term "reactance" is used to refer to the tendency for people to

If an experiment gets participants psychologically involved and engaged, but the setting does not resemble the real world, then the experiment would be said to be ____.

After participants have been deliberately deceived in an experiment, ethical standards require that they be ____.

When the effects of two variables cannot be separated, ____ has occurred.

In the ____, medical doctors from the U.S. Public Health Service studied the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African American men who thought they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government from 1932 to 1972.

If an experiment does NOT get participants psychologically involved and engaged, even though the setting of the experiment closely resembles the real world physically, then the experiment would be said to be ____.

Researchers often attempt to design studies that will be high in both experimental realism and mundane realism. However, ____.