Question 1

There are a number of contemporary societies that are completely peaceful and do not have any form of competition or intergroup strife. On the downside, however, these societies tend to ____.
A)be unsuccessful in economic and political terms
B)manifest high rates of depression and emotional apathy
C)experience higher rates of marital and familial problems than expected
D)dissolve before other societies

Accepted Answer

Contemporary societies that lack competition or intergroup strife often struggle in economic and political terms because competition can drive innovation, efficiency, and progress. Without these dynamics, a society may lag behind others in development and influence.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of ingroup favoritism?
A)Mike is a religious person who is prejudiced against atheists because he believes that atheists cannot be trusted.
B)Sasha is the owner of a restaurant. Whenever one of her close friends shows up at the restaurant, she offers them a discount.
C)Gary has never interacted with an Asian person. He believes that all Asians are alike in many ways.
D)Rachel is prejudiced against people who are overweight even though her entire family is overweight.

Accepted Answer

Ingroup favoritism occurs when individuals prefer and give better treatment to those within their own group over those outside the group. Sasha offering discounts to her close friends, who are part of her social group, is an example of ingroup favoritism.

Question 3

The minimal group effect MOST directly suggests that ____.
A)prejudices can be "unlearned" just as quickly as they can be "learned"
B)people are predisposed to identify themselves with a larger social group
C)the more social groups there are, the less prejudice there should be
D)people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them" and to show a preference for "us"

Accepted Answer

The minimal group effect demonstrates that individuals will favor their own group over others, even when group distinctions are arbitrary, highlighting a basic tendency to categorize people into "us" versus "them" and prefer one's own group.

Question 4

Because realistic conflict theory describes people competing over scarce resources, one could argue that it is simply ____ theory applied to group conflict.
A)social categorization
B)scapegoat
C)frustration-aggression
D)jigsaw

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory is closely related to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which suggests that frustration leads to aggression. This connection is made because competition over scarce resources can lead to frustration, which in turn can lead to aggression between groups.

Question 5

People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as ____.
A)the discontinuity effect
B)ingroup favoritism
C)stigma by association
D)the minimal group effect

Accepted Answer

The minimal group effect refers to the phenomenon where people show favoritism towards their own group over others, even when group membership is randomly assigned and lacks any meaningful interaction or significance.

Question 6

The discontinuity effect is lessened when ____.
A)there is preexisting animosity between the groups
B)the group is large rather than small
C)the identities of individuals are concealed
D)individual group members are identifiable

Accepted Answer

The discontinuity effect is lessened when individual group members are identifiable because this increases personal accountability and reduces the anonymity that can lead to more extreme group behavior.

Question 7

Is competition something that exists across the world, in all known cultures, or are there cultures that are completely peaceful?
A)There are a number of cultures where no competition exists at all-among adults or children.
B)There are a number of cultures where competition is banned among adults, but it still exists among children.
C)There are a number of cultures where competition is banned among children, but it still exists among adults.
D)There are a number of cultures where competition is rare, among both children and adults, but there are no known cultures where it does not exist.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Is competition something that exists across the...

Question 8

People are MOST likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on ____.
A)first-hand knowledge of the outgroup
B)first-hand knowledge of other outgroups
C)the assumption that the outgroup is just like the ingroup
D)what they have heard about the outgroup from members of the ingroup

Accepted Answer

People often base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on what they have heard about the outgroup from members of their own ingroup, rather than on direct personal experience or knowledge. This is because individuals tend to have more interaction and communication within their own ingroup, which influences their perceptions of outgroups.

Question 9

The discontinuity effect refers to ____.
A)the fact that, even when faced with strong evidence counter to their stereotypes, people tend to hold onto their stereotypes and simply allow that there are "exceptions"
B)the fact that people's explicit attitudes do not always match their implicit attitudes
C)the tendency for people to exclude themselves from a category when stereotyping that category
D)the fact that groups tend to be more prone to hostile competition than individuals are

Accepted Answer

The discontinuity effect refers to the observation that groups are more likely to engage in extreme, competitive, or hostile behavior towards outgroups than individuals are. This phenomenon suggests that the presence of a group amplifies tendencies towards competition and aggression beyond what would be expected from the sum of individual inclinations.

Question 10

Rationalization for oppression is an explanation for prejudice that focuses on prejudice and stereotyping as tools to ____.
A)promote one's self-esteem
B)remain ignorant of a group's actual behavioral characteristics
C)protect the political goals of the powerful group
D)think more efficiently

Accepted Answer

Rationalization for oppression suggests that prejudice and stereotyping are used to justify and maintain the power and control of dominant groups over others, thus protecting their political goals.

Question 11

According to ____, competition over scarce resources leads to inter group hostility and disputes.
A)the minimal group effect
B)the discontinuity effect
C)realistic conflict theory
D)scapegoat theory

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory posits that competition over scarce resources leads to intergroup hostility and disputes. This theory suggests that when resources are limited, groups will enter into conflict over the acquisition and control of those resources, leading to increased prejudice and discrimination between the groups.

Question 12

Suppose that Jose was born and raised in Mexico and that-even though he has never been to the United States-he holds a number of stereotypes about Americans. These stereotypes are MOST likely based on ____.
A)the few brief interactions he has had with Americans in Mexico
B)what he has heard about Americans from other Mexicans
C)what he knows about other groups of foreigners
D)his assumptions about what Americans "must be like" given what he knows about the United States as a country

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are often formed based on second-hand information, such as what one hears from others in their community.

Question 13

The idea that regular interactions among members of different groups reduce prejudice, so long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, is known as ____. ​
A)realistic conflict theory
B)the acquaintance potential effect
C)the contact hypothesis
D)the perspective hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The contact hypothesis posits that under certain conditions, interpersonal contact is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members.

Question 14

Research suggests that stereotyping ____.
A)allows people to save mental energy and enables them to process more information
B)allows people to save mental energy but does not enable them to process more information
C)does not allow people to save mental energy but does enable them to process more information
D)does not allow people to save mental energy or process more information

Accepted Answer

Stereotyping simplifies complex social information, allowing individuals to conserve cognitive resources and process information more efficiently.

Question 15

Countries that value competition generally have ____ levels of conflict and ____ levels of economic success. ​
A)higher; higher
B)higher; lower
C)lower; higher
D)lower; lower

Accepted Answer

Countries that value competition tend to have higher levels of conflict due to competitive dynamics but also achieve higher levels of economic success due to the drive for innovation and efficiency.

Question 16

Compared to when two individuals compete, when two groups of people compete, they tend to be extreme and hostile. This is known as ____. ​
A)the minimal group effect
B)the discontinuity effect
C)the group polarization effect
D)deindividuation

Accepted Answer

The discontinuity effect refers to the phenomenon where intergroup conflicts tend to be more extreme and hostile than interpersonal conflicts, often leading to more aggressive or competitive behaviors between groups than between individuals.

Question 17

Positive intergroup contact can effectively reduce prejudice by____.
A)avoiding contact with outgroup members until necessary
B)conducting competitive exercises with outgroup members
C)imagining positive interactions with outgroup members
D)testing positive interactions under adverse conditions

Accepted Answer

Positive intergroup contact, such as imagining positive interactions with outgroup members, can effectively reduce prejudice by fostering empathy and understanding, breaking down stereotypes, and building positive relationships.

Question 18

Groups are more prone to hostile competition than individuals are. This has been dubbed ____.
A)the discontinuity effect
B)group conflict theory
C)the minimal group effect
D)group polarization

Accepted Answer

The discontinuity effect refers to the phenomenon where groups exhibit more extreme behavior towards outgroups, including hostility and competition, compared to individuals. This effect highlights the tendency for intergroup interactions to be more competitive and aggressive than interpersonal interactions.

Question 19

In a study of peaceful, cooperative societies, ____ of the 25 did not have competition at all.
A)14
B)17
C)20
D)23

Accepted Answer

In a study of peaceful, cooperative societies, 23 out of the 25 did not have competition at all, indicating a strong correlation between the lack of competition and peaceful cooperation.

Question 20

Suppose that Fred is a "morning person" and his brother Ned is a"night person." Which of the following will probably be true regarding their tendencies to employ stereotypes?
A)They will both tend to use more stereotypes early in the day.
B)They will both tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.
C)Fred will tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.
D)Ned will tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.

Accepted Answer

Fred, being a "morning person," is likely to be more alert and cognitively efficient in the morning, reducing the need to rely on stereotypes. As he becomes tired later in the day, his cognitive resources diminish, making him more likely to employ stereotypes.

Quiz 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations

There are a number of contemporary societies that are completely peaceful and do not have any form of competition or intergroup strife. On the downside, however, these societies tend to ____.

Which of the following is an example of ingroup favoritism?

The minimal group effect MOST directly suggests that ____.

Because realistic conflict theory describes people competing over scarce resources, one could argue that it is simply ____ theory applied to group conflict.

People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as ____.

The discontinuity effect is lessened when ____.

Is competition something that exists across the world, in all known cultures, or are there cultures that are completely peaceful?

People are MOST likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on ____.

The discontinuity effect refers to ____.

Rationalization for oppression is an explanation for prejudice that focuses on prejudice and stereotyping as tools to ____.

According to ____, competition over scarce resources leads to inter group hostility and disputes.

Suppose that Jose was born and raised in Mexico and that-even though he has never been to the United States-he holds a number of stereotypes about Americans. These stereotypes are MOST likely based on ____.

The idea that regular interactions among members of different groups reduce prejudice, so long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, is known as ____.

Research suggests that stereotyping ____.

Countries that value competition generally have levels of conflict and levels of economic success.

Compared to when two individuals compete, when two groups of people compete, they tend to be extreme and hostile. This is known as ____.

Positive intergroup contact can effectively reduce prejudice by____.

Groups are more prone to hostile competition than individuals are. This has been dubbed ____.

In a study of peaceful, cooperative societies, ____ of the 25 did not have competition at all.

Suppose that Fred is a "morning person" and his brother Ned is a"night person." Which of the following will probably be true regarding their tendencies to employ stereotypes?