Question 1

For Salima, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, checking the apartment door to make sure it is locked results in a(n) _____ in feelings of _____.
A) decrease; pleasure
B) increase; competence
C) increase; anxiety
D) decrease; anxiety

Accepted Answer

For individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), performing a compulsive behavior, such as checking a door, temporarily reduces anxiety associated with their obsessions, in this case, perhaps the fear of the door being unlocked.

Question 2

According to Mineka, experimental avoidance in animals differs from phobic avoidance in humans in that:
A) humans avoid the US but not the CS.
B) only one conditioning trial is typically required to establish a phobia.
C) phobic avoidance is never as consistent as experimental avoidance.
D) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

In humans, phobias can often develop after a single traumatic event, whereas experimental avoidance in animals typically requires multiple conditioning trials.

Question 3

The two-process theory of avoidance is to _____ as the one-process theory is to _____.
A) negative reinforcement; negative punishment
B) negative punishment; negative reinforcement
C) avoidance; escape
D) less fear; less shock

Accepted Answer

The answer of The two-process theory of avoidance is to...

Question 4

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the act of avoidance is negatively reinforced by:
A) a reduction in fear.
B) an increase in feelings of relief.
C) the lower rate of aversive stimulation with which it is associated.
D) negative punishment followed by the escape response.

Accepted Answer

The one-process theory of avoidance suggests that avoidance behavior is negatively reinforced by the reduction in the frequency of aversive stimuli, rather than by a reduction in fear or an increase in relief.

Question 5

Donna has a fear of wasps and refuses to go to the park in the summer when wasps are most numerous. Which critical factor in the maintenance of phobic behavior does this scenario illustrate?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Reducing the likelihood of encountering the CS
C) Increasing the effort of avoiding the feared event
D) Intermittent negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Donna's refusal to go to the park to avoid wasps (the conditioned stimulus, CS) illustrates reducing the likelihood of encountering the CS, which is a critical factor in maintaining phobic behavior by avoiding the feared situation.

Question 6

Prior to Stampfl's experiment, which critical factor in phobic behavior patterns was absent in most experimental avoidance procedures ?
A) The opportunity to make an early avoidance response
B) The opportunity to make a late avoidance response
C) Classical conditioning of a fear response
D) Negative reinforcement of an avoidance response

Accepted Answer

Stampfl's experiment highlighted the importance of providing the opportunity to make an early avoidance response in the study of phobic behavior patterns, which was often absent in previous experimental avoidance procedures. This approach allowed for a more accurate simulation of how individuals with phobias might learn to avoid feared stimuli or situations before the onset of anxiety or fear, thus contributing significantly to the understanding of the development and maintenance of phobic behaviors.

Question 7

Stampfl's procedure focuses on the fact that people with phobias typically make the _____ early in the chain of events leading up to the feared stimulus.
A) avoidance response
B) escape response
C) appetitive response
D) species-specific defense reaction

Accepted Answer

Stampfl's procedure emphasizes that individuals with phobias often exhibit an avoidance response early in the sequence of events that precede the feared stimulus, aiming to prevent encountering the stimulus altogether.

Question 8

Constantly worrying about whether you locked the door as you left your apartment this morning is an example of a(n):
A) phobia.
B) compulsion.
C) obsession.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of an obsession, which is characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts causing distress or anxiety. Compulsions involve repetitive behaviors in response to an obsession, and phobias are intense fears of specific objects or situations, neither of which directly apply to the scenario described.

Question 9

According to research conducted by Stampfl, a critical factor that helps to maintain people's wasp phobias is that:
A) they run away whenever a wasp draws close to them.
B) they are intermittently exposed to a wasp.
C) they are intermittently stung by a wasp.
D) they plan events such that they almost never encounter a wasp.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research conducted by Stampfl, a...

Question 10

According to Stampfl, an important factor that underlies the development of _____ avoidance responses in phobias is _____.
A) early; effort reduction
B) late; effort reduction
C) early; effort induction
D) late; effort induction

Accepted Answer

According to Stampfl, an important factor that underlies the development of early avoidance responses in phobias is effort reduction. This concept suggests that individuals learn to avoid certain stimuli or situations early on as a way to reduce effort or discomfort associated with those stimuli, thereby reinforcing the avoidance behavior.

Question 11

One difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder and a phobia is that a phobia typically involves a(n) _____ avoidance response, while obsessive-compulsive disorder involves a(n) _____ avoidance response.
A) active; passive
B) passive; active
C) overt; covert
D) overt

Accepted Answer

A phobia typically involves a passive avoidance response, where individuals avoid the feared object or situation. In contrast, obsessive-compulsive disorder involves an active avoidance response, where individuals engage in compulsions or rituals to manage their anxiety or distress.

Question 12

Obsessions are to _____ as compulsions are to _____.
A) thoughts; actions
B) actions; dreams
C) dreams; thoughts
D) actions; thoughts

Accepted Answer

Obsessions are intrusive, unwanted thoughts, while compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.

Question 13

In the context of obsessions and compulsions, hand-washing is to thoughts about germs as _____ is to _____.
A) a decrease in anxiety; an increase in anxiety
B) an increase in anxiety; a decrease in anxiety
C) covert conditioning;  flooding
D) flooding; desensitization

Accepted Answer

Hand-washing is a compulsion that typically follows obsessive thoughts about germs, aiming to decrease anxiety caused by these thoughts. Thus, "a decrease in anxiety" is the goal of the compulsion, in response to "an increase in anxiety" triggered by the obsession.

Question 14

In general, obsessions and compulsions have _____ effects on anxiety.
A) weak
B) similar
C) opposite
D) unpredictable

Accepted Answer

Obsessions typically increase anxiety, while compulsions are performed to reduce or alleviate that anxiety, thus having opposite effects.

Question 15

Experimental avoidance typically requires at least a few pairings of the _____ and the US before avoidance has been reliably established.
A) NS
B) CS
C) CR
D) UR

Accepted Answer

Experimental avoidance typically requires at least a few pairings of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) before avoidance behavior has been reliably established. This is because the organism needs to learn that the CS predicts the US, leading to the avoidance response.

Question 16

In terms of the anxiety conservation hypothesis, exposure to the aversive stimulus is so minimal that the avoidance response is extremely resistant to _____ .
A) repression
B) the escape response
C) extinction
D) the species-specific defense reaction

Accepted Answer

The anxiety conservation hypothesis suggests that when exposure to an aversive stimulus is minimal, the avoidance response becomes very resistant to extinction because the individual does not experience enough of the aversive stimulus to learn that it is no longer a threat.

Question 17

For Janine, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, thoughts about possible germs on her body produce a(n):
A) increase in anxiety.
B) reflexive tendency to avoid showers.
C) decrease in anxiety.
D) feeling of intense pleasure.

Accepted Answer

For someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), thoughts about possible germs on their body typically produce an increase in anxiety. This heightened anxiety is a common symptom of OCD, especially in cases where contamination fears are present.

Question 18

The attractive aspect of the _____ is that it does away with any reference to an internal state of fear, the existence of which has to be inferred.
A) two-process theory of avoidance
B) latent inhibition effect
C) anxiety conservation hypothesis
D) one-process theory of avoidance

Accepted Answer

The one-process theory of avoidance suggests that avoidance behaviors are learned through operant conditioning alone, without the need to infer an internal state of fear, making it distinct from theories that rely on both classical and operant conditioning (two-process theories) or internal states like anxiety.

Question 19

According to Mineka, phobias in humans and experimental avoidance in rats differ in that:
A) rats avoid the CS.
B) experimental avoidance requires a single, brief conditioning trail to produce avoidance that is strong.
C) human phobias typically require several conditioning trials to produce avoidance that is persistent.
D) None of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Mineka suggests that human phobias and experimental avoidance in rats do not differ in the ways described by options A, B, and C. Instead, human phobias can also form quickly and be persistent, similar to experimental avoidance in rats.

Question 20

According to Stampfl, a critical factor in the maintenance of phobic behavior is:
A) last minute avoidance of the aversive stimulus.
B) cognitive avoidance of the appetitive stimulus.
C) early avoidance of the aversive stimulus.
D) negative contrast effects between safety and danger.

Accepted Answer

Early avoidance of the aversive stimulus is considered a critical factor in the maintenance of phobic behavior according to Stampfl. This is because avoiding the feared object or situation prevents the individual from learning that it might not be as harmful as anticipated, thereby maintaining the phobia.

Quiz 9: Escape Avoidance and Punishment

For Salima, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, checking the apartment door to make sure it is locked results in a(n) _ in feelings of _.

According to Mineka, experimental avoidance in animals differs from phobic avoidance in humans in that:

The two-process theory of avoidance is to _ as the one-process theory is to _.

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the act of avoidance is negatively reinforced by:

Donna has a fear of wasps and refuses to go to the park in the summer when wasps are most numerous. Which critical factor in the maintenance of phobic behavior does this scenario illustrate?

Prior to Stampfl's experiment, which critical factor in phobic behavior patterns was absent in most experimental avoidance procedures ?

Stampfl's procedure focuses on the fact that people with phobias typically make the _____ early in the chain of events leading up to the feared stimulus.

Constantly worrying about whether you locked the door as you left your apartment this morning is an example of a(n) :

According to research conducted by Stampfl, a critical factor that helps to maintain people's wasp phobias is that:

According to Stampfl, an important factor that underlies the development of _ avoidance responses in phobias is _.

One difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder and a phobia is that a phobia typically involves a(n) _ avoidance response, while obsessive-compulsive disorder involves a(n) _ avoidance response.

Obsessions are to _ as compulsions are to _.

In the context of obsessions and compulsions, hand-washing is to thoughts about germs as _ is to _.

In general, obsessions and compulsions have _____ effects on anxiety.

Experimental avoidance typically requires at least a few pairings of the _____ and the US before avoidance has been reliably established.

In terms of the anxiety conservation hypothesis, exposure to the aversive stimulus is so minimal that the avoidance response is extremely resistant to _____ .

For Janine, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, thoughts about possible germs on her body produce a(n) :

The attractive aspect of the _____ is that it does away with any reference to an internal state of fear, the existence of which has to be inferred.

According to Mineka, phobias in humans and experimental avoidance in rats differ in that:

According to Stampfl, a critical factor in the maintenance of phobic behavior is: