Question 1

_________ occurs when the probability of a behavior is changed because an individual's attention is drawn to a particular item or location by the behavior of another individual. The form of observational learning that involves the close duplication of a novel behavior is called _________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _________ occurs when the probability of a...

Question 2

A personal process rule is a personal rule that indicates:
A) one's personal beliefs.
B) one's personal beliefs about a certain process.
C) the specific process by which one will accomplish a goal.
D) the specific process by which one invents personal rules.

Accepted Answer

A personal process rule refers to the specific method or procedure an individual plans to follow in order to achieve a particular goal, outlining the steps or actions they intend to take.

Question 3

Whenever Prince Pueckler-Muskau gave his "word of honor" to carry out some task, he did so categorically. This means that there was a _____ between such statements and his normal statements of intention.
A) good deal of overlap
B) good deal of cross-transference
C) good deal of similarity
D) bright boundary

Accepted Answer

A "bright boundary" implies a clear distinction, which contrasts with the idea of doing something "categorically" when giving his "word of honor" compared to his normal statements of intention.

Question 4

Smiling, laughing, yawning, or orienting because someone else exhibited the same behavior is an example of _________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Smiling, laughing, yawning, or orienting because someone...

Question 5

Personal process rules are effective in that they:
A) establish a bright boundary as to whether or not rules are being followed.
B) engage the unconscious processes that motivate our behavior of following rules.
C) increase our intrinsic interest in a task.
D) serve to increase the value of an intended reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

Personal process rules are effective because they clearly define whether or not the rules are being followed, establishing a bright boundary.

Question 6

Personal rules are most effective when they establish:
A) a bright boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
B) a flexible boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
C) a porous boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
D) None of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Personal rules are most effective when they establish a bright boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors, as this clarity helps individuals adhere to their standards more consistently.

Question 7

The statement "I will go to the library and study Chemistry this evening from 7:00 to 9:00" is best described as an example of a(n) _____.
A) self-reinforcer
B) personal process rule
C) implementation intention
D) Both b and c are correct.

Accepted Answer

This statement is an example of both a personal process rule and an implementation intention because it specifies when, where, and what the person intends to do, thus structuring behavior towards achieving a specific goal.

Question 8

After vowing that he would never curse, Boris no longer felt any temptation to do so. Boris probably has had an extensive history of:
A) reinforcement for say-do correspondence.
B) punishment for say-do correspondence.
C) reinforcement for do-say correspondence.
D) punishment for do-say correspondence.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement for say-do correspondence likely led to Boris's behavior, as it suggests he has been consistently rewarded for acting in accordance with what he says, reinforcing his commitment not to curse.

Question 9

People who use self-rules to enhance self-control are most likely to:
A) give themselves general rather than specific instructions.
B) have a history of reinforcement for say-do correspondence.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor be is correct.

Accepted Answer

People who use self-rules to enhance self-control are most likely to have a history of reinforcement for say-do correspondence, which means they have been reinforced for following through on what they say they will do.

Question 10

Ronaldo always does what he says he is going to do. This implies that he could use his promises:
A) as a form of commitment response.
B) as a type of CS.
C) as a type of US.
D) to induce various types of adjunctive behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Ronaldo's consistent behavior of doing what he says he will do implies reliability and trustworthiness, making his promises a form of commitment response. This means he can use his promises to commit to certain actions or behaviors, which others can rely on.

Question 11

Kent makes a promise to himself to go running each morning. His promise would most likely function as a commitment response if he:
A) has low self-esteem.
B) usually displays a strong level of say-do correspondence.
C) fails to make up his mind to go running.
D) finally realizes the importance of exercise.

Accepted Answer

A commitment response is more likely to occur when an individual consistently follows through on what they say they will do, which is described as having a strong level of say-do correspondence. This means that if Kent usually does what he says he will do, his promise to himself to go running each morning is more likely to function as a commitment.

Question 12

Personal process rules are also called _____.
A) implementation intentions
B) innovation intentions
C) intended innovations
D) implementation innovations

Accepted Answer

Personal process rules are referred to as implementation intentions, which are plans that individuals make about when, where, and how they will perform specific behaviors or achieve their goals.

Question 13

The manner in which Gandhi reacted when he perceived that he had violated an oath suggests that _____ may play a strong role in motivating some individuals to keep their verbal commitments.
A) positive reinforcement
B) avoidance of guilty feelings
C) negative reinforcement
D) Both b and c are correct.

Accepted Answer

Gandhi's reaction to perceiving a violation of an oath indicates that both the avoidance of guilty feelings (a form of negative reinforcement, where a behavior is strengthened because it avoids or removes a negative outcome) can motivate individuals to keep their verbal commitments. Positive reinforcement involves adding a positive consequence after a behavior, which doesn't directly apply to Gandhi's motivation based on the context provided.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is most likely to result in a successful completion of the desired behavior?
A) "I will clean my apartment on Tuesday evening."
B) "I will dust and vacuum my apartment on Tuesday evening at 7:00."
C) "I need to clean my apartment this week."
D) "I will definitely clean my apartment this week."

Accepted Answer

Statement B ("I will dust and vacuum my apartment on Tuesday evening at 7:00.") is the most likely to result in successful completion because it is specific about the task (dust and vacuum), the time (Tuesday evening at 7:00), and the place (my apartment), making it a clear and actionable plan.

Question 15

People who use self-rules to enhance self-control are most likely to:
A) give themselves specific rather than general instructions.
B) display a strong say-do correspondence.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Accepted Answer

People who use self-rules to enhance self-control tend to give themselves specific instructions for better guidance and display a strong say-do correspondence, meaning they are likely to do what they say they will do.

Question 16

According to the text, the person who best exemplifies willpower is the one who can overcome temptation through the use of:
A) visualization.
B) secondary, short-term goals.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) self-promises.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, the person who...

Question 17

The type of conditioning in which classically conditioned emotional responses occur as a result of observational learning is called _________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The type of conditioning in which classically...

Question 18

Improving your golf game by watching a video of an excellent golf player is a form of _________ learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Improving your golf game by watching a...

Question 19

The use of self-promises as a commitment response can be facilitated by:
A) never failing to carry out such promises.
B) stating such promises in a distinctive manner.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) None of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Self-promises can be more effective when they are always fulfilled (to build trust in oneself) and when they are stated distinctively (to make them memorable and significant).

Question 20

Which of the following self-instructions would be the most effective in achieving the desired behavior?
A) I will go swimming tomorrow evening.
B) I will go swimming tomorrow at 7:00 p.m. at Coronation pool.
C) I will go swimming tomorrow at Coronation pool.
D) I will go swimming tomorrow.

Accepted Answer

Option B is the most effective because it is specific about the time and location, making it easier to commit to and follow through with the plan.

Quiz 11: Observational Learning and Rule Governed Behavior

_ occurs when the probability of a behavior is changed because an individual's attention is drawn to a particular item or location by the behavior of another individual. The form of observational learning that involves the close duplication of a novel behavior is called _.

A personal process rule is a personal rule that indicates:

Whenever Prince Pueckler-Muskau gave his "word of honor" to carry out some task, he did so categorically. This means that there was a _____ between such statements and his normal statements of intention.

Smiling, laughing, yawning, or orienting because someone else exhibited the same behavior is an example of _________.

Personal process rules are effective in that they:

Personal rules are most effective when they establish:

The statement "I will go to the library and study Chemistry this evening from 7:00 to 9:00" is best described as an example of a(n) _____.

After vowing that he would never curse, Boris no longer felt any temptation to do so. Boris probably has had an extensive history of:

People who use self-rules to enhance self-control are most likely to:

Ronaldo always does what he says he is going to do. This implies that he could use his promises:

Kent makes a promise to himself to go running each morning. His promise would most likely function as a commitment response if he:

Personal process rules are also called _____.

The manner in which Gandhi reacted when he perceived that he had violated an oath suggests that _____ may play a strong role in motivating some individuals to keep their verbal commitments.

Which of the following statements is most likely to result in a successful completion of the desired behavior?

People who use self-rules to enhance self-control are most likely to:

According to the text, the person who best exemplifies willpower is the one who can overcome temptation through the use of:

The type of conditioning in which classically conditioned emotional responses occur as a result of observational learning is called _________.

Improving your golf game by watching a video of an excellent golf player is a form of _________ learning.

The use of self-promises as a commitment response can be facilitated by:

Which of the following self-instructions would be the most effective in achieving the desired behavior?