Question 1

Dr. Claus plans to conduct a longitudinal study to determine how intelligence correlates with the traits "naughty" and "nice." As his trusty assistant, you have done your research and come to Dr. Claus to warn him about a few limitations to longitudinal studies. You plan to include all of the following limitations with the exception of ____effects. ​

Accepted Answer

Cohort effects are not a limitation of longitudinal studies, but rather a potential confounding variable. Cohort effects refer to the fact that people who grew up during different time periods may have had different experiences and influences that could affect their behavior and attitudes. The other options listed (mortality, history, and testing effects) are all limitations that could potentially threaten the validity of the study results.

Question 2

A study on cognitive abilities compared data collected simultaneously from people of different ages. A major confounding variable in this type of study is ____. ​

Accepted Answer

Experiential differences, such as education and life experiences, can significantly impact cognitive abilities and could therefore confound the results of a study comparing people of different ages. It is important to control for and account for these differences in analyses. The other options (attrition rate, Hawthorne effect, and lack of control group) are also potential confounding variables in a study, but they are not specifically related to comparing data from people of different ages.

Question 3

Matthew recently obtains a research assistantship with a psychologist who studies giftedness. After an orientation session, the psychologist explains that his findings, much like those found in your textbook, reveal that high IQ guarantees ____. ​

Accepted Answer

High IQ does not guarantee any specific achievement or outcome. There are many other factors that contribute to success in different areas of life.

Question 4

Moses is getting old. Which of the following is most likely to remain stable and not decline in the near future? ​

Accepted Answer

Vocabulary is the most stable cognitive ability with age and tends to remain relatively unchanged throughout adulthood, even as other abilities decline. Working memory span, processing speed, and fluid intelligence tend to decline with age.

Question 5

Amy is a participant in Terman's longitudinal study of gifted children. According to the information in your textbook, Amy will most likely not____compared to others her age. ​

Accepted Answer

Terman's longitudinal study of gifted children found that, on average, participants like Amy would live more successful, physically, and mentally healthy lives, and have the same basic cognitive abilities as others their age. However, the study also found that not all participants would attain remarkably high levels of distinction, indicating that being gifted does not guarantee extraordinary achievement.

Question 6

Cara suggests that her friend Iris pursue a career in social work due to her ability to empathize with and understand others. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Iris likely has high ____intelligence. ​

Accepted Answer

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggests that individuals have various types of intelligences, and interpersonal intelligence is one of them. People with high interpersonal intelligence tend to be good at understanding and interacting with others, which seems to be the case with Iris, as suggested by Cara.

Question 7

Bailey, a boy who displays a mild intellectual disability, is struggling with a word problem about a car driving from one point to another. The problem is illustrated with a diagram of the car's route. Which of the following is the most likely reason for Bailey's difficulty with the problem? ​

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bailey, a boy who displays a mild...

Question 8

Cherie displays a mild intellectual disability. One way that she will differ from people with average intelligence is that she ____. ​

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cherie displays a mild intellectual disability. One...

Question 9

You are developing an intelligence test based on Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. You focus on aspects of intelligence not measured well by traditional IQ tests. Therefore, you will likely ignore ____. ​

Accepted Answer

Logical-mathematical intelligence is commonly measured in traditional IQ tests and would not be a focus in an intelligence test based on Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Musical and body-kinesthetic intelligences are among the intelligences not typically measured by traditional IQ tests, and knowledge and understanding of oneself and one's relations to others is part of the intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences that Gardner includes in his theory.

Question 10

Based on the results from the Seattle Longitudinal Study and other similar "tracking cognitive abilities over the lifespan" studies, which statement is false with regard to cognitive decline and aging? ​

Accepted Answer

Most studies, including the Seattle Longitudinal Study, have found that crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills) tends to remain stable or even increase with age, while fluid intelligence (the ability to reason quickly and think abstractly) tends to decline.

Question 11

You believe that elephants have intelligence and that this intelligence increases as elephants get older. You test your hypothesis by observing the behaviors of the same group of elephants at birth and then at five-year intervals. What type of study is this? ​

Accepted Answer

This is a longitudinal study because the same group of elephants is being observed over a period of time at different intervals.

Question 12

Although increasing age brings sensory deficits and increasing health problems, there is little evidence to support the stereotype of cognitive decline in the later years. In fact, which statement is true? ​

Accepted Answer

According to the text, "Seventy-year-olds often score higher than college-age individuals on tests of vocabulary and information." This indicates that cognitive abilities related to language and knowledge may not necessarily decline with age. The other answer choices are not supported by the information given in the passage.

Question 13

Dustin is worried because he has heard that cognitive abilities decline with old age. He consults his introductory psychology textbook and finds that a number of specific abilities do seem to decline. Dustin is most worried, for example, about a decline in his ____. ​

Accepted Answer

Working memory is the ability to hold and manipulate information in the mind over short periods of time. It tends to decline with age, which may be a source of concern for Dustin. Crystallized intelligence, or accumulated knowledge and skills, may remain stable or even improve with age. Divergent thinking, or the ability to generate multiple solutions to a problem, can also be maintained in old age with practice. Long-term memory can be affected by age-related changes, but the decline is not as steep as in other cognitive abilities like working memory.

Question 14

Nora is conducting research on emotional intelligence. In designing her study, Nora plans to follow several cohorts across a ten-year time span. She will select individuals initially from four agegroups: ten-year-olds, twenty-year-olds, thirty-year-olds, and forty-year-olds. She will follow these cohorts over ten years and gather qualitative and quantitative data. Nora's study is known as a ____. ​

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nora is conducting research on emotional intelligence....

Question 15

At a school board meeting, there is a debate as to whether or not the schools should have children who are developmentally disabled taught in the same classrooms as their peers who do not have cognitive disabilities. The effectiveness of this type of ____is still highly debated. ​

Accepted Answer

Inclusion refers to the practice of integrating students with special needs into regular classrooms. Therefore, it is the most relevant choice for the given scenario. The other options (second-order conditioning, latent learning, and systematic desensitization) are not related to this debate.

Question 16

Terman's longitudinal study of people with extremely high IQs found that nearly all of them ____. ​

Accepted Answer

Terman's study found that individuals with extremely high IQs generally had higher than average physical and mental health, debunking myths that high intelligence was associated with frailty or mental instability.

Question 17

Dr. Hans Zarkoffis testing groups of teenagers and senior citizens on their ability to imagine the rotation of objects in space. He finds that the teenagers perform much better than the seniors. Dr. Zarkoffinitially suspects that his results are due to the declining mental ability of the senior group, but then realizes that the teenagers have had more experience with video games. This is an example of a____effect. ​

Accepted Answer

Cohort effects refer to differences that occur between groups of people who were born in different time periods or who have had different experiences. In this case, the teenagers and seniors belong to different cohorts, and their differing experiences with video games could be the cause of the performance difference in the spatial rotation task.

Question 18

Which component is least essential to creativity? ​

Accepted Answer

External rewards may provide motivation, but they are not essential to creativity. In fact, some research suggests that external rewards can actually hinder creativity by shifting the focus from intrinsic motivation to extrinsic motivation. The other options (experience in the field, capacity for divergent thinking, and internal motivation) are all generally considered essential to creativity.

Question 19

Dr. Mensa is creating a study of intelligence and would like to develop a cross-sequential with resampling design. The main feature of this design is ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A cross-sequential design with resampling combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods, allowing for the examination of both age and cohort effects on intelligence. Resampling also helps to control for biases in sample selection and allows for more accurate generalizations to larger populations. The other options (B, C, and D) describe different aspects of intelligence testing and measurement, but do not specifically relate to the cross-sequential with resampling design.

Question 20

As people over sixty-five years old grow older, their crystallized intelligence will ____and their fluid intelligence will ____. ​

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence, which involves skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, tends to increase or remain stable with age. Fluid intelligence, which involves the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge, tends to decrease with age.

Quiz 8: Intelligence

A study on cognitive abilities compared data collected simultaneously from people of different ages. A major confounding variable in this type of study is ____.

Matthew recently obtains a research assistantship with a psychologist who studies giftedness. After an orientation session, the psychologist explains that his findings, much like those found in your textbook, reveal that high IQ guarantees ____.

Moses is getting old. Which of the following is most likely to remain stable and not decline in the near future?

Amy is a participant in Terman's longitudinal study of gifted children. According to the information in your textbook, Amy will most likely not____compared to others her age.

Cara suggests that her friend Iris pursue a career in social work due to her ability to empathize with and understand others. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Iris likely has high ____intelligence.

Bailey, a boy who displays a mild intellectual disability, is struggling with a word problem about a car driving from one point to another. The problem is illustrated with a diagram of the car's route. Which of the following is the most likely reason for Bailey's difficulty with the problem?

Cherie displays a mild intellectual disability. One way that she will differ from people with average intelligence is that she ____.

You are developing an intelligence test based on Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. You focus on aspects of intelligence not measured well by traditional IQ tests. Therefore, you will likely ignore ____.

Based on the results from the Seattle Longitudinal Study and other similar "tracking cognitive abilities over the lifespan" studies, which statement is false with regard to cognitive decline and aging?

You believe that elephants have intelligence and that this intelligence increases as elephants get older. You test your hypothesis by observing the behaviors of the same group of elephants at birth and then at five-year intervals. What type of study is this?

Although increasing age brings sensory deficits and increasing health problems, there is little evidence to support the stereotype of cognitive decline in the later years. In fact, which statement is true?

Dustin is worried because he has heard that cognitive abilities decline with old age. He consults his introductory psychology textbook and finds that a number of specific abilities do seem to decline. Dustin is most worried, for example, about a decline in his ____.

At a school board meeting, there is a debate as to whether or not the schools should have children who are developmentally disabled taught in the same classrooms as their peers who do not have cognitive disabilities. The effectiveness of this type of ____is still highly debated.

Terman's longitudinal study of people with extremely high IQs found that nearly all of them ____.

Which component is least essential to creativity?

Dr. Mensa is creating a study of intelligence and would like to develop a cross-sequential with resampling design. The main feature of this design is ____.

As people over sixty-five years old grow older, their crystallized intelligence will and their fluid intelligence will .