Question 1

Sociologists have demonstrated that some important statistical approaches developed by the social sciences have roots in early attempts to demonstrate white racial superiority, including in regard to college entrance tests.

Accepted Answer

Historically, some statistical methods and standardized testing, including college entrance exams, were influenced by eugenic ideologies aiming to demonstrate racial hierarchies, with white superiority being a central theme. This has been documented by sociologists and historians who have explored the origins and impacts of these approaches in the social sciences.

Question 2

College entrance tests and similar diagnostic tests have often been designed, consciously or unconsciously, to measure the things that white middle-class people know or do well.

Accepted Answer

Many college entrance and diagnostic tests have historically been criticized for cultural bias, often reflecting the knowledge and skills more commonly found in white, middle-class backgrounds, which can disadvantage students from other cultural or socioeconomic backgrounds.

Question 3

Two-year colleges are solid stepping stones for educational success for low-income students of color.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two-year colleges are solid stepping stones for...

Question 4

Researchers found that white students and others who exhibited strong colorblind ("I don't see racism") racial views were the most likely to see the racist-themed party photos as problematical.

Accepted Answer

Researchers actually found that white students and others who exhibited strong colorblind racial views were less likely to see the racist-themed party photos as problematic, indicating a disconnect between their professed inability to see race and their recognition of racism in specific instances.

Question 5

At most predominantly white institutions, the majority of white trustees, administrators, advisors, faculty members, and students have shown little desire to remake their campuses to fully integrate the interests and concerns of students of color into campus culture.

Accepted Answer

Historically, many predominantly white institutions (PWIs) have struggled with fully integrating the interests and concerns of students of color into their campus cultures. Despite efforts and initiatives aimed at diversity and inclusion, challenges remain in achieving full integration and representation at all levels, including trustees, administrators, advisors, faculty members, and the student body.

Question 6

In surveys, many black respondents indicate that they have recently experienced discrimination while dining out, shopping, or in public transportation.

Accepted Answer

Numerous surveys and studies have found that black individuals often report experiencing discrimination in various public settings, including while dining out, shopping, or using public transportation. This reflects broader issues of racial bias and discrimination in society.

Question 7

The most recent U.S. black infant mortality rate of 10.9 deaths per 1000 live births is high for Western countries and more than twice the white infant mortality rate (4.9).

Accepted Answer

The U.S. black infant mortality rate is significantly higher than that of white infants, reflecting disparities in healthcare access, socioeconomic status, and other factors contributing to this gap, making it high for Western countries.

Question 8

Research demonstrates that black and Latino Americans' experience with whites' racist actions are correlated with increased stress-related physical and mental health problems.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have shown that experiences of racism and discrimination can lead to increased stress, which in turn can cause a variety of physical and mental health problems for Black and Latino Americans. This includes issues such as hypertension, anxiety, depression, and other stress-related conditions.

Question 9

Black women and men, but not black children, frequently face discrimination when they make use of white and other health professionals' services.

Accepted Answer

Black children, like adults, can also face discrimination when accessing healthcare services, which can impact the quality of care they receive and their health outcomes. Discrimination in healthcare can affect individuals of all ages.

Question 10

A study of mostly white and Asian inner-city physicians discovered that those who viewed black patient compliance with greater racial bias were less likely to dominate dialogues with these patients and to receive more positive patient ratings.

Accepted Answer

The statement contradicts typical findings in studies on racial bias in healthcare, where greater racial bias often leads to poorer communication and lower patient satisfaction, not the other way around.

Question 11

The days when medicine and medical research were committed to alleged biological-racial differences in cataloging diseases and treatments are long over.

Accepted Answer

While the explicit focus on biological-racial differences in medicine has decreased, there is still ongoing research and debate about how race and genetics affect disease and treatment outcomes. Additionally, the legacy of racial categorization in medicine continues to influence medical research and practice.

Question 12

Government research funders such as the National Institutes of Health often seem to assume "race" identities are linked to stereotyped, and unscientific, racial-biological implications.

Accepted Answer

Government research funders like the NIH have historically used racial categories that can inadvertently reinforce stereotypes and imply biological differences, despite race being a social construct with no scientific basis in genetics.

Question 13

Racial targeting, housing discrimination, or other race-related factors are associated with the location of the nation's hazardous waste facilities.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that hazardous waste facilities are disproportionately located in communities of color and low-income areas, indicating that racial targeting, housing discrimination, and other race-related factors play a role in the siting of these facilities. This phenomenon is often referred to as environmental racism.

Question 14

Environmental racism is a very new issue.

Accepted Answer

Environmental racism has been an issue for decades, with its roots traceable back to the civil rights movements of the 1960s in the United States, where it was recognized that minority and low-income communities often bear a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards.

Question 15

Your classmate argues that U.S. towns and cities are "post-racial." Drawing on data from Chapter 6, explain to him that racialized patterns are definitively part of the spatial geography of American neighborhoods.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your classmate argues that U.S. towns and...

Question 16

Your classmate argues that housing segregation is the result of "chance" or "free choice" pf African Americans. Drawing on data in Chapter 6, explain to her that segregation is a consequence of decades of concrete discriminatory actions by white real-estate agents, bankers, insurers, government officials, and families.

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Illustrate what sociologist Elijah Anderson means by: "White people typically avoid black space, but black people are required to navigate the white space as a condition of their existence."

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

Racist stereotypes strongly affect white bonds to a residential space, how whites judge the space, and how willing whites are to move into the space. Describe research studies discussed in Chapter 6 that demonstrate that physical spaces associated with African Americans are typically the focus of whites' negative racial categorizations.

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

Drawing on Chapter 6, discuss how contemporary urban and rural patterns of racial segregation in housing provide empirical evidence of the impact of large-scale discrimination by an array of white discriminators in the past and present.

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

Drawing on the significant 1968 Supreme Court decision Jones et ux. v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., explain the majority's decision, including the concurring opinion of Justice William O. Douglas.

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 6: More Racial Oppression: Other Institutional Sectors