Question 1

_____ memories are related to anxiety-provoking thoughts or events that are prevented from reaching consciousness.

Accepted Answer

Repressed memories are those that are related to anxiety-provoking thoughts or events that are prevented from reaching consciousness. These memories are typically pushed out of awareness as a defense mechanism against overwhelming anxiety or trauma. Suppressed memories, on the other hand, are memories that are intentionally pushed out of awareness, while flashbacks and motivated memories do not necessarily involve repression.

Question 2

Which of the following supports the idea that elaborative rehearsal leads to better recall than maintenance rehearsal?

Accepted Answer

People who study words by placing them into sentences use elaborative rehearsal, which involves connecting new information to existing knowledge or creating meaningful associations. On the other hand, people who study by counting syllables use maintenance rehearsal, which involves repetition without creating meaningful associations. Since elaborative rehearsal leads to better recall than maintenance rehearsal, the fact that people who study by placing words into sentences remember them better than those who study by counting syllables supports this idea. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 3

Research shows that when people are presented an irrelevant distractor stimulus at the end of a word list they must recall, it impairs their ability to recall the last item on the list compared to a control group to whom there was no distractor stimulus. This finding is evidence for which theory of forgetting?

Accepted Answer

Interference theory posits that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with each other. In this scenario, the irrelevant distractor stimulus interfered with the participants' ability to recall the last item on the list, providing evidence for interference theory. Decay theory suggests that forgetting occurs due to the passage of time, motivated forgetting theory suggests that forgetting occurs because of the desire to forget unpleasant memories, and retrieval failure theory suggests that forgetting occurs due to difficulties in accessing stored memories. None of these theories are directly supported by the scenario described.

Question 4

Which of the following supports the principle of encoding specificity?

Accepted Answer

The principle of encoding specificity suggests that memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval. Both B and C illustrate this principle by showing that the same state during study and testing (manic state or under medication) enhances recall.

Question 5

Although repression, as a defense mechanism, is highly accepted as possible in psychology, the concept of repressed memories of _____, and their storage in the unconscious mind, is highly questioned.

Accepted Answer

Repressed memories of painful experiences are the most commonly referenced in discussions of repressed memories. Flashbulb memories, episodic memories, and procedural memories are not typically associated with the concept of repression.

Question 6

What are reasons offered in your text as to why we shape, rearrange, and distort our memories?

Accepted Answer

Both logic and consistency are reasons why we shape, rearrange, and distort our memories. We do so in order to make our memories more efficient and coherent, which helps us make sense of our experiences and navigate the world around us. These processes can lead to inaccuracies in our memories, but they also help us adapt to new information and make more informed decisions.

Question 7

Research shows that speeding up the presentation of a list of words impairs recall of the beginning of the list but not the end. This finding can be interpreted as evidence that ________.

Accepted Answer

The finding suggests that the faster presentation hinders the encoding and transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory. Thus, it seems that short-term and long-term memory systems are separate. Choice B can be ruled out as it suggests that both systems are in a single system, which is unlikely based on the research finding.

Question 8

The method of loci and acronyms are examples of _____.

Accepted Answer

The method of loci and acronyms are both mnemonic devices, which are techniques used to help people remember information. Mnemonic devices work by associating new information with familiar information or patterns, making the new information easier to recall.

Question 9

James uses the _____ mnemonic device for remembering that the names of the Great Lakes start with the letters in HOMES.

Accepted Answer

The mnemonic device being used is an acronym because the first letter of each lake (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior) is being used to create the word "HOMES."

Question 10

Researchers have demonstrated that it is _____ to create false memories.

Accepted Answer

Researchers have conducted several studies that show how false memories can be easily implanted in a person's mind through suggestion or manipulation of information. It is a common phenomenon, and several individuals have been falsely convicted of crimes because of false memories. Therefore, it is relatively easy to create false memories.

Question 11

Your textbook author summarizes specific study tips compiled from memory research. These tips include all the following EXCEPT _____.

Accepted Answer

The author does not suggest employing massed practice as a study tip. Massed practice involves cramming large amounts of information into a short period of time, which can actually hinder retention and recall of material. Instead, the author suggests spacing out study sessions to reduce interference, using mnemonics to aid in memorization, and reviewing information by starting in the middle sections of a chapter to increase engagement and comprehension.

Question 12

Research shows that when people see the NURSE, they respond to a related word such as DOCTOR faster compared to seeing a unrelated word such as READY prior to DOCTOR. This phenomenon is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

Priming is the phenomenon where previous exposure to a stimulus influences a person's response to a subsequent stimulus. In this case, seeing the word NURSE primes the participant to respond faster to the related word DOCTOR compared to an unrelated word like READY. Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of a sensory input. Mnemonic strategies refer to techniques used to improve memory, such as visualization or repetition. Long-term potentiation is a process of strengthening synaptic connections in the brain, thought to be responsible for learning and memory.

Question 13

Research shows that introducing a time delay between the presentation of a list of words and a recall test impairs performance on recall of the end of the list. This finding can be interpreted as evidence for which theory of forgetting?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research shows that introducing a time delay...

Question 14

Sleep is important for memory because _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sleep is important for memory because _____.
...

Question 15

In a study of eyewitness testimony, _____ of the participants who observed a "crime in progress" identified innocent people from a group of mugshots an hour later, and _____ identified innocent people from a lineup a week later.

Accepted Answer

The question is asking for the percentages of participants who identified innocent people from mugshots and lineups after a certain amount of time had passed. The correct percentages are 20% for identifications from mugshots an hour later and 8% for identifications from a lineup a week later. Therefore, the best answer is choice C.

Question 16

_____ devices improve memory by encoding items in a special way.

Accepted Answer

Mnemonic devices are strategies or techniques used to help improve memory and aid in the recall of information. These techniques involve encoding information in a special way that is easier for the brain to remember. Examples of mnemonic devices include acronyms, rhymes, and visual imagery. Eidetic imagery refers to the ability to have incredibly detailed and vivid visual images in one's memory. Reverberating circuits are brain circuits that allow for short-term memory storage and retrieval. ECS (electrical convulsive therapy) is a medical treatment used for certain mental health conditions.

Question 17

Studying information even after you think you already know it _____.

Accepted Answer

Overlearning is the process of studying information even after you believe you know it well. This strategy helps consolidate memories in long-term memory, making it easier to access and retrieve them later on. It can also improve retention and minimize forgetting over time. Therefore, overlearning is an effective strategy for enhancing learning outcomes.

Question 18

To remember the pathway for vision you imagine yourself walking into your house, noting the cornea peephole in the front door, the entryway fishbowl full of aqueous humor, and a pupil seated in your living room handing you a lens as you enter the dining room where glasses filled with vitreous humor rest on a retinal tablecloth with pictures of rods and cones. This is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the method of loci, which involves associating information with specific locations in a familiar place. In this case, the pathway for vision is associated with different parts of a house.

Question 19

According to research, eyewitnesses generally report _____ confidence in the accuracy of their inaccurate memories.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that eyewitnesses tend to have strong confidence in the accuracy of their memories, even when those memories are inaccurate. This is known as the confidence-accuracy gap.

Question 20

If you erroneously recall the reading the word "sleep" on a list of words like ""snooze, nap, rest, wake, doze," you are probably _____.

Accepted Answer

In this scenario, you are constructing a false memory where you are incorrectly recalling the presence of the word "sleep" on the list. This happens because the concept of "sleep" is related to the other words on the list, leading your brain to make the false association. The other options (A, B, and D) do not accurately describe this situation. The sleeper effect refers to changing attitudes towards a message over time, anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories, and early signs of Alzheimer's disease involve cognitive decline and memory loss beyond just one episode of false recall.

Quiz 7: Memory