Question 1

Expectancy theories suggest that if people believe that they possess the skills and abilities needed, their _________ will result in good performance.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theories propose that individuals are motivated to act if they believe their efforts (hard work) will lead to good performance and desired outcomes.

Question 2

The two-factor motivation-hygiene theory was proposed by:

Accepted Answer

The two-factor motivation-hygiene theory was proposed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959. Maslow proposed the hierarchy of needs theory, Alderfer proposed the ERG theory, and Juran proposed the quality management theory.

Question 3

Theory Y assumptions require __________ to accept responsibility for arranging organizational conditions and methods of operation so that people can achieve their own goals best by directing their own efforts towards organizational objectives

Accepted Answer

Theory Y assumptions require management to accept responsibility for arranging organizational conditions and methods of operation that will allow employees to achieve their personal goals by directing their own efforts toward organizational objectives. Theory Y assumes that employees are motivated by more than just financial gain, and that they will take an active interest in their work if they feel that their efforts are appreciated and that they have a say in how work is done. Therefore, it is up to management to create an environment that fosters this type of engagement and involvement from employees.

Question 4

Aldefer suggested that Maslow's hierarchy may be collapsed from five levels to three types of needs:

Accepted Answer

Aldefer proposed that Maslow's hierarchy can be simplified into three categories: existence needs (physiological and safety needs), relatedness needs (belongingness and love needs), and growth needs (esteem and self-actualization needs). "Existence, relatedness, and growth" is the only option that includes all three of these categories.

Question 5

McClelland found that those with high achievement needs perform better when they are working on ______________ tasks, want feedback on how well they are doing, and take personal responsibility for their ___________.

Accepted Answer

McClelland found that those with high achievement needs perform better when they are working on moderately difficult tasks. They also want feedback on how well they are doing which relates to performance, and take personal responsibility for their performance. Therefore, the best choice is A which includes moderately difficult tasks and performance as a factor.

Question 6

According to the equity theory, motivation is a consequence of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the equity theory, motivation is...

Question 7

Projection is a mental process in which we:

Accepted Answer

Projection involves attributing or assigning our own feelings, motives, or qualities to other people. It is a defense mechanism in which we unconsciously deny our own impulses or emotions and project them onto others. For example, someone who is feeling guilty about cheating on a test may project that guilt onto their classmates and accuse them of cheating.

Question 8

The "equity norm" suggests that those who contribute more to an organization should receive:

Accepted Answer

The "equity norm" suggests that those who contribute more to an organization should receive more rewards than their colleagues. This is based on the idea that individuals who put in more effort or add more value to the organization should be recognized and rewarded accordingly. This approach helps to promote fairness and motivation among employees.

Question 9

Equity theories present a model of motivation based on the notion of:

Accepted Answer

Equity theories are based on the social exchange between individuals, where individuals strive for fairness and balance in their interactions with others. This means that individuals seek to maintain equitable relationships and aim to receive rewards that are proportional to their contributions. Therefore, equity theories are focused on the notion of social exchange rather than organizational structure, political relationships, or equitable relief.

Question 10

Porter and Lawler refined Vroom's model to suggest that, although employee effort is determined by both the value placed on certain outcomes and the degree to which people believe that their efforts will lead to these rewards, effort does not always lead to task accomplishment. They suggested that two other factors need to be considered:

Accepted Answer

Porter and Lawler suggested that in addition to the value placed on outcomes and the belief that effort will lead to rewards, employee ability and role clarity also play a significant role in determining task accomplishment. Employee opportunity and growth as well as organizational ability and structural role were not cited as relevant factors in their model.

Question 11

Mowday suggested that equity theories can also be applied to _________ exchange relationships in organizations.

Accepted Answer

Equity theories can be applied to social exchange relationships in organizations, which involve interactions between employees that result in social support, friendship, and other forms of social exchange. Social exchange relationships are important for employee satisfaction, well-being, and organizational effectiveness, and they can be impacted by perceptions of fairness and equity.

Question 12

Which of the following is not as assumption of Theory X?

Accepted Answer

Theory X assumes that workers are not creative and need to be micromanaged. Therefore, option D - "Workers are creative" is not an assumption of Theory X.

Question 13

"Self-Actualization" is the _________ category in the Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Accepted Answer

Self-actualization is the highest category in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which means it is the ultimate goal of human beings to achieve their full potential and become the best version of themselves. This can involve personal growth, creativity, spirituality, and a sense of fulfillment that comes from living a meaningful life. It is important to note that individuals cannot achieve self-actualization until their basic physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem needs are met.

Question 14

According to Vroom, there are three concepts important to understanding human motivation:

Accepted Answer

Vroom's three concepts for understanding human motivation are valence (the value an individual places on a desired outcome), expectancy (the belief that a certain level of effort will result in achieving the desired outcome), and force (the level of motivation an individual has to exert effort towards achieving the desired outcome).

Question 15

Which of the following is not an assumption of Theory Y?

Accepted Answer

Theory Y assumes that workers are not resistant to change, so D is the only choice that does not align with this assumption. A, B, and C are all assumptions of Theory Y.

Question 16

Maslow's hierarchy of needs was based primarily on his observations in a(n) _______ setting.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs was based on his observations made in a clinical setting, particularly his work with mentally ill patients. He observed that individuals have certain basic needs that must be met before they can focus on higher-level needs.

Question 17

McGregor's suggested strategies that can be considered consistent with Theory Y assumptions are:

Accepted Answer

McGregor's Theory Y assumptions suggest that employees are self-motivated and seek responsibility, and therefore, managers should delegate tasks, provide opportunities for job enlargement, and involve employees in participative management to enhance their job satisfaction and motivation. Job creation, change management, and leadership may also be beneficial but are not specifically consistent with Theory Y assumptions.

Question 18

Motivation is not:

Accepted Answer

Motivation is not directly observable as it is a psychological construct. It is also not always conscious as individuals may be motivated by subconscious factors. Additionally, it is not directly controllable as it is influenced by a variety of internal and external factors.

Question 19

Much of the theoretical base of the field of organizational behavior assumes that behavior is:

Accepted Answer

Theoretical base of the field of organizational behavior assumes that behavior is purposeful or goal directed.

Question 20

People with high self-efficacy tend to:

Accepted Answer

People with high self-efficacy have confidence in their abilities, which motivates them to set challenging goals and perform well. They believe that their efforts will lead to success and are not easily discouraged by obstacles or setbacks. As a result, they tend to set high personal goals and work hard to achieve them.

Quiz 6: Motivating Self and Others