Question 1

Classical conditioning focuses on the relation between the consequences of behavior and the likelihood that the behavior will recur.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning focuses on associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, not on the consequences of behavior. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, deals with the consequences of behavior and its likelihood of recurrence.

Question 2

A grammatical morpheme refers to the part of a word that can be omitted without affecting grammatical correctness or meaning.

Accepted Answer

A grammatical morpheme is a unit of meaning involved in the modification of meanings and grammatical functions of words, but removing it often affects the grammatical correctness or alters the meaning of the word.

Question 3

Scott understands that when he counts his toy cars, there is one and only one number for each separate car. This demonstrates that Scott has mastered the principle of cardinality.

Accepted Answer

Scott has mastered the principle of one-to-one correspondence, which means he understands that each object is counted once and only once. The principle of cardinality, on the other hand, refers to understanding that the last number counted represents the total number of objects in the set.

Question 4

Tosha is playing jacks, and each time she bounces a ball she has to pick up one additional jack. She uses private speech as she counts the number of jacks in her head rather than out loud.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tosha is playing jacks, and each time...

Question 5

Piaget identified several shortcomings in the symbolic skills of most preschoolers. They include egocentrism, centration, and a focus on appearance as reality.

Accepted Answer

Piaget did indeed identify these as shortcomings in the symbolic skills of most preschoolers. Egocentrism refers to the child's inability to see things from another person's point of view, centration refers to the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation, and a focus on appearance as reality means that the child believes that what something looks like is what it truly is.

Question 6

Research has found that interviewing a preschooler right after an event has taken place about the details of that event will produce the least accurate memories because the child is typically still so upset.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that interviewing a child immediately after an event can actually lead to more accurate memories, as the details are fresher in their mind. The emotional state of the child can affect the accuracy, but it's not accurate to say that immediate interviews always result in the least accurate memories.

Question 7

According to Piaget, children understand the world with scripts, which are psychological structures that organize experience.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory does not use the term "scripts" to describe how children understand the world; instead, he talks about schemas, which are cognitive structures that help individuals organize and interpret information.

Question 8

At around 18 months of age, children will learn approximately 10 or more new words and labels each week.

Accepted Answer

According to research, around 18 months of age, children typically learn approximately 10 or more new words and labels each week.

Question 9

If you were to let a preschooler watch you give a Barbie doll a haircut, that child would expect Barbie's hair to start growing back on its own just like their own hair does after a haircut.

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers may not understand the concept of hair growth and may expect Barbie's hair to remain the same after the haircut. It is important to explain to them that Barbie's hair will not grow back like their own hair.

Question 10

A child's cognitive growth occurs most rapidly when their understanding of the world is constructed for them by a teacher or parent.

Accepted Answer

A child's cognitive growth occurs most rapidly when they actively construct their own understanding of the world through exploration and experience. A teacher or parent can guide and support this process, but the child must take an active role in their own learning.

Question 11

Mental software refers to mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate.

Accepted Answer

Mental software refers to learned cognitive systems, including knowledge, beliefs, and skills, that are acquired through experience and education, rather than being innate neural structures.

Question 12

Parents are more effective than videos in teaching new words to their children.

Accepted Answer

Parents are able to provide context cues, explanations, and a personalized learning experience which makes them more effective in teaching new words to their children compared to videos. Additionally, children are more likely to retain information if the learning experience is interactive and engaging, which parents are able to provide.

Question 13

Phonemes refer only to vowel sounds and morphemes refer only to consonant sounds.

Accepted Answer

Phonemes and morphemes can refer to both vowel and consonant sounds. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language that can change the meaning of a word, while morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language, which can be made up of one or more phonemes.

Question 14

The zone of proximal development refers to the difference between what a child can do on his or her own and what they can do only with assistance.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true. The zone of proximal development is a concept in educational psychology that was first introduced by Lev Vygotsky. It refers to the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to complete alone, but can be accomplished with guidance and support from a more knowledgeable other.

Question 15

According to the core knowledge hypothesis, infants are born with some rudimentary knowledge of the world, and that knowledge is elaborated upon as they have experiences.

Accepted Answer

The core knowledge hypothesis proposes that infants are born with innate, basic understanding of the world, and this knowledge is built upon and developed as they have more experiences.

Question 16

When there is an imbalance between assimilation and accommodation processes, children reorganize their schemes to a state of equilibrium in a process called equilibration.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately describes the concept of equilibration in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 17

Piaget's theory is often criticized for having overestimated the cognitive skills of infants and young children and for underestimating the cognitive skills of adolescents.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory is often criticized for underestimating the cognitive skills of infants and young children, suggesting they can do less than they actually can, and not providing as much detail on the cognitive abilities of adolescents.

Question 18

One way that infants can pick words out of spoken language is the stress, or emphasis, that is placed on certain words.

Accepted Answer

Infants use prosody, the rhythmic and intonational aspects of language, to help identify and differentiate between words. This includes paying attention to changes in pitch, stress, and duration of syllables within a sentence. Research has shown that infants as young as 7 months old can distinguish between stressed and unstressed syllables in their native language.

Question 19

The three formulae that children use to express their ideas in only two words are actor + action, action + object, and possessor + possession.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Children often use these three formulae to express their ideas in only two words, such as "dog barks" (actor + action), "eat apple" (action + object), and "mommy's book" (possessor + possession).

Question 20

Many parents emphasize conversational turn-taking even before a child can speak her first word.

Accepted Answer

Many studies have shown that parents who engage in conversational turn-taking with their infants promote language development and supportive relationships. This includes responding to coos and babbling, making eye contact, and waiting for the baby to respond before continuing the conversation.

Quiz 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood.