Question 1

Which two parts of the brain are responsible for the initial storage of information?

Accepted Answer

The amygdala and the hippocampus are both structures located in the medial temporal lobe that are involved in the initial storage of information. The amygdala is particularly important for processing emotional memories, while the hippocampus plays a key role in forming and consolidating declarative memories (i.e. memories for facts and events).

Question 2

The idea that number names must be counted in the same sequence, without change, defines the ____.

Accepted Answer

The stable-order principle states that number names must be counted in the same sequence without change. This principle is important for establishing a consistent and reliable understanding of numerical order and counting skills. The other principles (one-to-one principle, cardinality principle, universality principle) relate to different aspects of counting and number concepts.

Question 3

By about ____ months of age, a child can distinguish two objects from three and three objects from four.

Accepted Answer

By about five months of age, infants can distinguish between small quantities, such as two versus three objects, due to their developing numerical perception abilities.

Question 4

In Vygotsky's theory, the difference between what a child can do on his or her own and what they can do only with assistance is called the

Accepted Answer

According to Vygotsky's theory, the difference between what a child can do on their own (their current level of development) and what they can do with assistance from someone else (their potential level of development) is called the zone of proximal development (ZPD). This is a critical concept in Vygotsky's theory and is used to describe the range of abilities that a child is close to mastering with the help of a more knowledgeable other.

Question 5

By the age of ____ years, most youngsters can apply the basic principles of counting to as many as nine objects, even though they may still make some mistakes.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that by the age of 5 years, most youngsters can apply the basic principles of counting to as many as nine objects, even though they may still make some mistakes. Therefore, option B - 5 is the best choice.

Question 6

Preschool children may have difficulty providing reliable testimony about events, particularly abuse, because children at this age _____.

Accepted Answer

Preschool children are particularly suggestible, meaning they can easily be influenced or swayed by leading questions or cues from adults. This can affect the reliability of their testimony about events, particularly abuse.

Question 7

Collette is sitting with her young son Jim, and has placed five jellybeans in front of him. Jim starts to count the beans, and as he points to the beans says, "one, two, three!" He then looks up at Collette and smiles. Jim has not yet mastered the

Accepted Answer

The answer of Collette is sitting with her young son...

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT offered by your authors as a method to help increase a preschool child's ability to provide reliable testimony?

Accepted Answer

Giving children time to control their emotions and remember things rationally is not typically mentioned as a method to increase the reliability of a preschool child's testimony. The other options focus on encouraging truthful and spontaneous responses.

Question 9

Memories that help people construct their life history and create socially shared memories are

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memories are memories of personal experiences and events in one's life that contribute to constructing one's life history and creating socially shared memories. Eidetic memories refer to photographic or near-perfect memories of visual images, while semantic memories are memories of general knowledge and facts. Procedural memories are memories of how to do tasks or skills.

Question 10

"Daddy, can you help me get dressed?" Boris asked his father. "You can put on your pants and socks by yourself, but I'll help with your shirt and shoes," his father said. From Vygotsky's theory, Boris's father is using ____ when he does not give his son help on skills that his son has already mastered.

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding refers to the support given to a child that is tailored to their needs and gradually removed as they become more competent, which is what Boris's father is doing by helping only with tasks Boris hasn't mastered yet.

Question 11

Eleven-month-old Oreo loves cookies. One day he sees his mother putting cookies into cups for a party. As he is watching, his mom puts one cookie into the first two cups, two cookies into the next two cups, and three cookies into the last two cups. If Oreo is a normally developing 10-month-old who likes cookies, he will most likely reach for

Accepted Answer

Oreo is only 11-months-old, which means he is not capable of complex decision-making. He is more likely to be attracted to the cup with the highest number of cookies, which is the last cup with three cookies.

Question 12

With regard to the memories of young babies, which of the following is the MOST accurate statement?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that young babies can remember events for days, or even weeks. While they may not have a fully developed memory system, they can remember certain things such as the scent of their mother or the location of their toys. However, they may not have the ability to recall specific names or details.

Question 13

The fact that the last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects is called the ____ principle.

Accepted Answer

The principle that the last number name in a counting sequence represents the quantity or cardinality of objects is known as the cardinality principle. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Question 14

A memory for some significant life event is called a(n) ____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory refers to the memory of specific events or experiences that occurred at a particular point in time in our life, including our own personal narratives or life story. These memories are integral to our sense of self and identity. Generalized memories, on the other hand, refer to more general knowledge or information that we have learned, such as facts or concepts. Intonational memories do not exist and Semantic memory refers to our knowledge and understanding of concepts and relationships between words and objects in the world, but not necessarily tied to our personal experiences.

Question 15

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that children actively construct their own understanding of the world through solitary exploration and experimentation, while Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a collaborative process that occurs through interactions with more knowledgeable others, such as parents, teachers, and peers. Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in cognitive development and argues that children progress to higher levels of thinking by internalizing the practices and beliefs of their culture. In contrast, Piaget's theory emphasizes the role of individual experience and maturation in shaping cognitive development.

Question 16

Russian psychologist ____ proposed the idea that development in childhood is an apprenticeship in which children advance when they collaborate with more-skilled others.

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky proposed the idea of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) which states that development in childhood is an apprenticeship in which children advance when they collaborate with more-skilled others.

Question 17

According to the theory of Fivush (2011), autobiographical memory is based upon three memory skills. They include all EXCEPT which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Fivush's theory on autobiographical memory emphasizes the importance of language skills, a sense of self, and basic memory skills, but does not specifically highlight processing skills as a foundational component.

Question 18

____ occurs when a teacher gauges the amount of assistance they provide to match the needs of a specific learner.

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding refers to the process of providing temporary support to a learner to help them reach a higher level of understanding or skill. This support is gradually removed as the learner gains independence. It involves adapting the level of assistance provided to match the needs of the learner, making it the best choice for the given scenario.

Question 19

Five-year-old Jonah likes to play a scrabble-like game on the family computer. He plays against other family members, and usually does pretty well. When he gets a list of letter tiles that are too difficult for him to use, he asks his mother and father for help. The difference between letter tiles that Jonah can use and letter tiles with which he needs help typifies what Vygotsky called the zone of ____ development.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD) refers to the difference between what a child can do independently and what a child can do with assistance or guidance from a more skilled or knowledgeable individual. In this scenario, Jonah is able to successfully use some letter tiles on his own, but requires assistance for others, indicating that these more difficult tiles are within his ZPD. Choice A (assisted) and choice B (distal) do not accurately represent Vygotsky's concept of the ZPD. Choice D (located) is not relevant to the question.

Question 20

Research has found that when parents use a(n) ____ style to help their children expand on their descriptions of events, they will have earlier memories of childhood when they reach adolescence.

Accepted Answer

Conversational style involves listening actively and following the child's lead in the conversation. This allows children to feel comfortable sharing their memories and experiences, which can lead to earlier memories being retained and recalled later in life. Measured, formal, and idiomatic styles do not prioritize active listening and may not encourage children to share their experiences in the same way.

Quiz 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood.