Question 1

The earliest known written code of punishment was:

Accepted Answer

The Code of Ur-Nammu is believed to be the earliest known written code of law and punishment, dating back to ancient Mesopotamia around 2100 BCE. This code outlined various penalties for crimes such as theft, assault, and adultery.

Question 2

Beccaria advocates that a system of punishment should include which of the following elements?

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria, in his work "On Crimes and Punishments," argued that for a system of punishment to be effective, it must include certainty, swiftness, and appropriate severity. These principles are meant to deter crime effectively.

Question 3

Nationwide, following release, approximately 68% of former prisoners reoffend within:

Accepted Answer

Nationwide, approximately 68% of former prisoners reoffend within 3 years following their release.

Question 4

General deterrence refers to the preventive effect of the threat of punishment on the:

Accepted Answer

General deterrence refers to the idea that punishing an offender will prevent other members of the general population from committing similar crimes. Therefore, the correct answer is the general population (B). The other options (individual prisoner, prison population, international population) do not accurately reflect the concept of general deterrence.

Question 5

Which perspective on punishment focuses more on concrete programs such as job training rather than attitude change?

Accepted Answer

The reintegration perspective focuses on programs that aim to rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders back into society, such as job training, education, and skills development. This perspective is more concerned with helping offenders become productive members of society than changing their attitudes towards crime. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 6

______ is a generic term covering a variety of functions carried out by government (and increasingly private) agencies having to do with the punishment, treatment, supervision, and management of individuals who have been convicted or accused of criminal offenses.

Accepted Answer

While all of the choices may be related to the criminal justice system, "corrections" specifically encompasses the rehabilitation and management of individuals who have been convicted or accused of crimes. "Punishment" is a more narrow term that only refers to the infliction of penalties for criminal behavior, and "incarceration" specifically refers to the act of confining individuals in a prison or jail. "Crime" is a general term for illegal activities.

Question 7

According to the authors, incapacitation originates from which of the following concepts?

Accepted Answer

Incapacitation is a concept that originates from the idea of social defense. It focuses on removing individuals from society to prevent them from committing further crimes, thus protecting the public.

Question 8

Positivists rejected much of the philosophical basis of classical thinkers' arguments, and instead relied on:

Accepted Answer

Positivists focused on the idea that punishment should be tailored to the individual offender, considering factors like their background and circumstances, rather than strictly adhering to the nature of the crime itself.

Question 9

The primary responsibility of the government of any country is to ______ its citizens from those who would harm them.

Accepted Answer

The word "protect" in the sentence clearly signifies that the responsibility of the government of any country is to protect its citizens from those who would harm them.

Question 10

In the cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin (1972), ______ of the offenders in the cohort committed 71% of all the homicides.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio,...

Question 11

The correctional enterprise is primarily about

Accepted Answer

The answer of The correctional enterprise is primarily about
...

Question 12

The correctional enterprise exists to _____ the attitudes and behavior of its "clientele."

Accepted Answer

All of these options (correct, amend, put right) carry similar meanings and are appropriate in describing the purpose of the correctional enterprise. The enterprise attempts to improve the attitudes and behavior of those it serves, ultimately leading to successful reintegration into society.

Question 13

The period in history in which a major shift in the way people viewed the world and their place in it occurred, moving from a supernaturalistic to a naturalistic and rational worldview is known as

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment is known as the period in which there was a shift towards naturalistic and rational explanations for the world, rather than supernatural ones. This led to advancements in science, philosophy, and politics.

Question 14

Garafalo's endemic criminals are those who commit what we today might call

Accepted Answer

The answer of Garafalo's endemic criminals are those who commit...

Question 15

Which of the following is drive by the natural passion for punitive revenge?

Accepted Answer

Retribution is driven by the natural passion for punitive revenge, as it seeks to inflict punishment on the offender in response to their wrongdoing. Restitution, rehabilitation, and reintegration all focus on restoration, reform, and reintegration of the offender into society, rather than strictly seeking revenge.

Question 16

The capacity of humans to make choices and their responsibility to make moral ones regardless of internal or external constraints on their ability to do so is referred to as?

Accepted Answer

The capacity of humans to make choices and take responsibility for their actions, regardless of internal or external constraints, is known as human agency. Rationality and hedonism are related concepts, but they do not encompass the idea of responsibility for one's actions. Hedonistic calculus is a theory that attempts to calculate pleasure and pain to determine the best course of action, but it does not address the idea of responsibility. Therefore, choice C, human agency, best fits the definition given.

Question 17

Which of the following punishments does not require any favorable consequence to justify it except to maintain that justice has been served?

Accepted Answer

Retribution is the only punishment that doesn't require any favorable consequence to justify it except to maintain that justice has been served. Retribution is based on the idea of punishment for the sake of punishment, in which an offender receives a punishment that matches the severity of their crime as a way of balancing out the harm that was done. The other options (A) Rehabilitation, (B) Reintegration, and (C) Incapacitation, are all focused on restoring the offender and/or protecting society from future harm, and thus require positive outcomes to be considered justifiable.

Question 18

_____ obviously "works" while criminals are incarceration.

Accepted Answer

Incapacitation obviously "works" while criminals are incarcerated, as they are physically separated from society and unable to commit additional crimes. Rehabilitation, deterrence, and reintegration may have varying levels of effectiveness for different individuals, and their success may not be as immediately visible or measurable as incapacitation.

Question 19

The present emphasis on rehabilitation is drive both by _____ and by decades of research aimed at discovering "what works" in correctional assessment and treatment.

Accepted Answer

The mention of "what works" suggests a focus on efficiency, which is often driven by economic concerns. Politics, biology, and culture may all play some role in shaping correctional policies, but they are not as directly tied to the emphasis on rehabilitation as economics.

Question 20

The 18th century marked the beginning of an era of brutal punishment.

Accepted Answer

The 18th century was a period of Enlightenment, which led to reforms in criminal justice and a move away from brutal punishments towards more humane approaches.

Quiz 1: The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of Corrections