Question 1

The purpose of a(n) ______________ is to elicit information from a suspect who may suppress the facts, or from people whose answers might be colored by close ties to a suspect.

Accepted Answer

An interrogation is specifically designed to elicit information from a suspect or someone who may have information related to a suspect. It is a more aggressive form of questioning than an interview, which is typically used to gather information from willing participants. Confessions may be a result of a successful interrogation, but are not the main purpose of the interrogation itself. Investigations may involve interrogations, but they are a broader term for the process of gathering information related to a crime. Surveillance involves monitoring and observing individuals, but does not involve direct questioning.

Question 2

An express or implied statement tending to support the suspect's involvement in the crime, but insufficient by itself to prove guilt, is known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

An admission is a statement made by the suspect that tends to support their involvement in the crime, but is not sufficient on its own to prove guilt. It is considered less incriminating than a confession because it may not include all of the details of the crime and may not be a clear admission of guilt.

Question 3

An oral or written statement acknowledging guilt is known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A confession is an acknowledgement of guilt, either orally or in writing. An admission may also suggest guilt but can refer to any statement that admits to something, not necessarily a crime. A witness statement and a sworn statement are not necessarily related to guilt or wrongdoing. A dying declaration is a statement made by a person who knows they are about to die and is not related to acknowledging guilt.

Question 4

According to the authors, an understanding of why it is possible to obtain a confession from a suspect may be found in the works of

Accepted Answer

Horowitz and Pavlov conducted research on the use of classical conditioning to obtain confessions from suspects.

Question 5

A direct accusation made at the start of the interrogation process is considered to be

Accepted Answer

A direct accusation is one that is clear and unequivocal, leaving no doubt as to the allegation being made. It is not implicit, indirect, or abstract, but rather explicit and to the point. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 6

During an interrogation, an accusation communicated by the interrogator's attitude and demeanor is considered to be

Accepted Answer

An accusation communicated by the interrogator's attitude and demeanor is considered to be implicit as it is not directly expressed through verbal communication but is conveyed through the interrogator's behavior and expression.

Question 7

Horowitz states that a guilty person's first response to being accused is to become

Accepted Answer

Horowitz suggests that a guilty person tends to become worried and psychologically unsettled when accused, as they are concerned about the consequences and implications of their guilt being discovered.

Question 8

Pavlov found that an artificial stimulus or signal could, by repeated association, be substituted for a(n) __________________ to cause a physiological response:

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's experiments demonstrated that a natural stimulus, when repeatedly associated with an unconditioned stimulus, could become a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response.

Question 9

By varying the ___________________ or signal, Pavlov could estimate the extent of stress created from the amount of saliva produced by the animal.

Accepted Answer

The artificial stimulus refers to the signal that Pavlov used to train the animals to produce saliva in response to it. By varying this stimulus, Pavlov was able to measure the amount of stress created in the animal, which was indicated by the amount of saliva produced. The other options do not accurately describe the signal that Pavlov used or the method he used to measure stress in the animals.

Question 10

In 1931, the Wickersham Commission identified ________________ as a widespread and almost universal practice of extracting confessions through police brutality.

Accepted Answer

The Wickersham Commission identified "the third degree" as a widespread and almost universal practice of extracting confessions through police brutality.

Question 11

The practice of criminal interrogation in the United States has been significantly affected by decisions of the Supreme Court, most significantly by

Accepted Answer

The answer of The practice of criminal interrogation in the...

Question 12

From the outset, if a person in custody is to be subjected to an interrogation, s/he must first be informed in clear and unequivocal terms that s/he has the right to

Accepted Answer

The right to remain silent is a fundamental right when being interrogated while in custody, as guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The other choices may or may not be granted, but the right to remain silent is a crucial protection against self-incrimination.

Question 13

The right to have counsel present at the interrogation is fundamental to the protection of the ______________ Amendment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The right to have counsel present at...

Question 14

According to the authors, perhaps the most suitable means for demonstrating that an interrogation was conducted using civilized police practices and that a confession is trustworthy and voluntary is to

Accepted Answer

Recording the interrogation with video and sound tape provides a clear record of the entire process, including any coercive tactics used by the police. This allows for independent review of the interrogation and ensures that the confession was obtained through voluntary means. Witnesses, having the suspect's parents present, or having the suspect write the confession in their own handwriting may provide some level of corroboration but do not have the same level of reliability as a recorded audio-visual record. Recording the confession on a tape recorder alone may not capture all abusive tactics used during the interrogation, and it may be difficult to establish whether the confession was voluntary.

Question 15

According to the authors, a subject in a criminal investigation usually does not wish to be questioned in

Accepted Answer

Subjects in a criminal investigation typically prefer not to be questioned in public due to the potential for embarrassment and the desire for privacy.

Question 16

An aim of judicial guidance of interrogation practices in the United States and Great Britain is to ensure that a confession is trustworthy and that it was made voluntarily.

Accepted Answer

The aim of judicial guidance of interrogation practices in the United States and Great Britain is to ensure that a confession is trustworthy and that it was made voluntarily. This is because a confession can have serious consequences for the defendant, and it is important that it was not obtained through coercion or unfair practices.

Question 17

According to the authors, although spouses, parents, accomplices, and friends will not often divulge information that could be damaging to a suspect's best interests, these sources may still provide potentially prejudicial information.

Accepted Answer

The authors suggest that although these sources may not give information that is damaging to the suspect's best interests, they may still provide prejudicial information.

Question 18

If the suspect is indeed guilty of the crime of which s/he is accused, then a confession can be obtained only through duress such as torture, brutality, and excessive or prolonged psychological pressure.

Accepted Answer

A confession can also be obtained through lawful interrogation techniques, without resorting to duress, torture, or excessive psychological pressure.

Question 19

The perception of an accusation during the interrogation process may cause a person's feelings of psychological freedom and movement to be curtailed.

Accepted Answer

The perception of an accusation can create feelings of guilt and shame, which can constrain a person's sense of psychological freedom and movement during the interrogation process.

Question 20

Even when the police know the identity of the killer, admissions or confessions to gangland killings are rare.

Accepted Answer

Gang members often have a culture of silence and fear of retribution, leading them to avoid admitting their involvement in a killing even when the police know their identity.

Quiz 9: Interrogation of Suspects and Hostile Witnesses