Question 1

According to the ________ approach to ethical decision making,some things are just right or wrong,independent of their consequences.

Accepted Answer

The moral rights approach to ethical decision making posits that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their outcomes or consequences. This perspective emphasizes the importance of respecting individuals' fundamental rights and freedoms.

Question 2

________ is the degree to which people see an issue as an ethical one.

Accepted Answer

Moral intensity refers to the degree to which people see an issue as an ethical one. It is determined by factors such as the potential harm, social consensus, and the immediacy of consequences. Ethnocentricity refers to the belief that one's own cultural or ethnic group is superior. Disparate impact refers to unintentional discrimination that occurs when a policy or practice that is seemingly neutral has a disproportionate effect on a certain group. Social consensus refers to the extent to which a group of people share similar beliefs and values.

Question 3

According to philosopher Immanuel Kant,________ form the basis of all rights.

Accepted Answer

According to Kant, individuals have inherent worth and dignity and should be treated as ends in themselves, not merely as means to an end. This means that individuals have a right to be free and autonomous, able to make their own choices and pursue their own goals without interference from others. Kant believed that these rights form the basis of all other rights, including political and legal rights, and are essential to the proper functioning of society.

Question 4

An executive who justifies paying a bribe because it allows his company to provide the greatest good for the greatest number of people adheres to the ________ approach to ethical decision making.

Accepted Answer

The executive in this scenario is justifying paying a bribe based on the outcome it will bring, which aligns with the utilitarian approach to ethical decision making. Utilitarianism focuses on doing what provides the greatest overall good for the greatest number of people, and in this case, the executive believes that paying the bribe will lead to benefits for a large group of people.

Question 5

At Pixel Inc,all promotions,pay raises,and bonuses are based on employees' attainment of their goals and the extent to which they help the organization reach its objectives.Managers are strictly instructed to disregard irrelevant criteria such as the employee's age,gender,race,and so on when allocating rewards.This is indicative of ________.

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes distributive justice, which refers to the fairness of outcomes or rewards based on the contribution or achievement of individuals, while ignoring irrelevant criteria such as age, gender, and race.

Question 6

Which of the following is true regarding the utilitarian approach to ethical decision making?

Accepted Answer

The utilitarian approach to ethical decision making focuses on the outcome or consequence of an action, and judges its "goodness" or "badness" based on how much it benefits or harms the greatest number of people involved. The assessment of what is considered "good" or "bad" is often subjective and can vary depending on factors such as culture, religion, and personal beliefs. Choices A, C, and D are not accurate descriptions of the utilitarian approach.

Question 7

________ is concerned with morality and standards of business conduct,especially among individuals.

Accepted Answer

Managerial ethics refers to the moral principles and standards of conduct that govern the behavior of individuals and organizations in business. It focuses on issues such as fairness, honesty, responsibility, and respect for the rights of others. This is an important area of concern for businesses, as ethical behavior can help to build trust, integrity, and a positive reputation, while unethical behavior can damage an organization's standing and lead to legal, financial, and operational problems.

Question 8

Which aspect of the justice approach to ethical decision making is concerned with the impartial administration of decision-making processes?

Accepted Answer

Procedural justice is concerned with the fair and impartial administration of decision-making processes, ensuring that everyone involved has an equal opportunity to be heard and to have their rights respected. Procuratory justice is concerned with the appropriate punishment of wrongdoers, while distributive justice is concerned with the fair distribution of resources and benefits in society. Restorative justice is concerned with restoring relationships and repairing harm caused by wrongdoing.

Question 9

A(n)________ involves having to make a choice between two competing but arguably valid options.

Accepted Answer

An ethical dilemma involves having to make a choice between two competing but arguably valid options, both of which may have ethical justifications. It is a difficult decision that requires careful consideration of the potential consequences and an understanding of the ethical implications of each option. While cognitive biases and fallacies can also impact decision-making, they are not specific to ethical dilemmas. Ethical lapses refer to a situation where a person knowingly violates ethical standards or principles, rather than being caught in a difficult ethical decision-making situation.

Question 10

The ________ approach to ethical decision making focuses on the equity of processes and outcomes.

Accepted Answer

The justice approach is concerned with fairness and equity. It focuses on ensuring that processes and outcomes are fair and just for all parties involved. The universal approach is based on moral principles that are applicable to all situations, while the utilitarian approach focuses on maximizing overall happiness or satisfaction. The moral rights approach is based on the idea that individuals have certain inalienable rights that must be respected in any decision-making process.

Question 11

________ is the view that your perspective is correct and the views of people in other cultures are inferior.

Accepted Answer

Ethnocentricity is the view that your own culture or ethnicity is superior and often involves judging other cultures or ethnicities based on your own cultural standards or values.

Question 12

Which of the following is in accordance with the utilitarian approach to ethical decision making?

Accepted Answer

The utilitarian approach to ethical decision making aims to maximize overall utility or happiness for the majority of individuals involved. Therefore, choosing the action that results in the greatest good is in accordance with this approach. Option A represents the Golden Rule, which is not specific to utilitarianism. Option B refers to deontological ethics, which is focused on following moral principles regardless of outcomes. Option D relates to the justice approach to ethical decision making, which emphasizes fairness in the process and outcomes.

Question 13

Pixel Inc has established a system to settle employee grievances.According to this system,aggrieved employees must first approach their immediate supervisors with their problems.If the employee considers the supervisor's decision unsatisfactory,he or she may approach the next person in the chain of command.If the grievance still remains unresolved,the matter may be referred to voluntary arbitration.This system is indicative of ________.

Accepted Answer

The system established by Pixel Inc is an example of procedural justice, which refers to a fair process that is used to resolve disputes or concerns between employees and the organization. The process outlined by the company ensures that employees have an opportunity to bring their grievances to their supervisors and higher levels of management, and if necessary, to an objective third-party through arbitration. This process gives employees a sense of fairness in how their complaints are being addressed, even if the outcome may not always be in their favor.

Question 14

A(n)________ is a decision that is contrary to an individual's stated beliefs and policies of the company.

Accepted Answer

An ethical lapse is a decision made by an individual that contradicts their own stated beliefs or goes against the policies of their company. This can be a result of various factors such as pressure from higher authorities, personal gain, or lack of clarity regarding ethical standards. It is important for individuals and organizations to recognize such lapses and take corrective measures to prevent them in the future.

Question 15

Mark heads his firm's international division in China and has been approached by local officials on several occasions to pay a bribe.After countless failed attempts,the officials are now threatening to shut down the facility if Mark doesn't pay up.Realizing that this would render thousands of employees jobless,Mark decides to pay the bribe.Mark adopted the ________ approach in arriving at this decision.

Accepted Answer

Mark's decision to pay the bribe was based on the utilitarian approach which focuses on maximizing overall happiness or well-being. In this case, Mark believed that paying the bribe would prevent thousands of employees from losing their jobs, which would ultimately result in greater overall happiness and well-being. While Mark's decision to pay the bribe may not be morally right or just, it can be justified from a utilitarian perspective as it resulted in the greatest positive outcome for the majority of individuals involved.

Question 16

The ________ approach to ethical decision making focuses on consequences of an action.

Accepted Answer

The utilitarian approach to ethical decision making focuses on maximizing the overall happiness or well-being of all those affected by an action. It weighs the pros and cons of different options and aims to choose the one that will result in the most positive outcomes for the greatest number of people.

Question 17

Refer to the scenario above.Which of the following is similar to the given scenario?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the scenario above.Which of the...

Question 18

Even if a manager does not intend to discriminate against a particular minority group,legal action can be brought against the firm if the minority group can prove ________.

Accepted Answer

Disparate impact refers to the unintentional discrimination against a particular minority group that results from a seemingly neutral policy or practice. If a minority group can prove that a company's policies or practices have a disparate impact on them, they can bring legal action against the firm. Temporal immediacy, compensatory justice, and probability of effect are not relevant to proving disparate impact.

Question 19

According to the universal approach to ethical decision making,managers must first determine whether a course of action can apply to all people in all situations,then ask themselves whether ________.

Accepted Answer

The universal approach to ethical decision making requires managers to consider whether they would want the same rule applied to themselves, after determining whether a course of action can apply to all people in all situations. This step helps ensure that the decision is fair and equitable for everyone involved. Options A, B, and C are also important considerations in ethical decision making, but they are not the primary focus of the universal approach.

Question 20

Which aspect of the justice approach to ethical decision making forms the basis of affirmative action plans?

Accepted Answer

Affirmative action plans aim to rectify past discrimination and provide opportunities to historically marginalized groups. This aligns with the concept of compensatory justice, which seeks to compensate for past injustices by providing benefits or opportunities to those who have been disadvantaged.

Quiz 2: Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics