Question 1

Drinking is initiated when​ 
A)aldosterone reaches the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). 
B)aldosterone reaches the subfornical organ. 
C)angiotensin II reaches the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). 
D)angiotensin II reaches the subfornical organ.

Accepted Answer

Drinking is initiated when angiotensin II reaches the subfornical organ, which is a part of the brain that detects changes in blood composition and triggers thirst.

Question 2

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is released in response to 
A)osmotic thirst only. 
B)hypovolemic thirst only. 
C)either osmotic or hypovolemic thirst. 
D)release of renin.

Accepted Answer

ADH can be released in response to either osmotic or hypovolemic thirst. Osmotic thirst occurs when there is an increase in the concentration of solutes in the blood (such as during dehydration), causing the hypothalamus to release ADH to conserve water. Hypovolemic thirst occurs when there is a decrease in blood volume (such as from bleeding or sweating), causing the body to release ADH to retain water and increase blood volume. ADH is not released in response to the release of renin, which is involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system for regulating blood pressure.

Question 3

The function of angiotensin II is to​ 
A)constrict blood vessels and trigger the release of aldosterone. 
B)constrict blood vessels and trigger the release of renin. 
C)dilate blood vessels and trigger the release of aldosterone. 
D)dilate blood vessels and trigger the release of renin.

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II is a hormone that is responsible for constricting blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. It also triggers the release of aldosterone, which increases water and salt reabsorption in the kidneys, further increasing blood volume and pressure.

Question 4

Monica had a serious case of the flu,with lots of vomiting and diarrhea.When she called the Health Center for advice,a nurse told her to​ 
A)drink as much plain water as possible. 
B)drink sports drinks containing sodium instead of plain water. 
C)avoid drinking anything until the vomiting and diarrhea stopped completely. 
D)drink clear sugary soda pop instead of plain water.

Accepted Answer

When sick with vomiting and diarrhea, it is important to stay hydrated by drinking fluids that contain not only water but also electrolytes such as sodium. Sports drinks like Gatorade or Pedialyte can help replace lost fluids and electrolytes. Plain water alone may not be enough to prevent dehydration. Drinking soda pop is not recommended as it can further upset the stomach and contains too much sugar. Avoiding fluids altogether can lead to dehydration and should be avoided.

Question 5

(see Figure 9.12)​
 
-The numbered structures in this image regulate which of the following phenomena?​ 
A)Hunger 
B)Temperature 
C)Thirst 
D)Sex

Accepted Answer

The numbered structures in this image regulate thirst. The structures are part of the thirst control system, which includes the hypothalamus, the subfornical organ, and the median preoptic nucleus. These structures act together to monitor changes in the body's water balance and adjust thirst accordingly.

Question 6

The function of renin is to​ 
A)trigger the release of ADH. 
B)trigger the release of aldosterone. 
C)convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin II. 
D)convert aldosterone into angiotensin II.

Accepted Answer

Renin is an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney in response to low blood pressure. Its primary function is to convert angiotensinogen, a protein produced by the liver, into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) into the biologically active hormone angiotensin II, which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.

Question 7

Medications used to treat high blood pressure include _________ because they _________ blood volume.​ 
A)antidiuretics; increase 
B)antidiuretics; reduce 
C)diuretics; increase 
D)diuretics; reduce

Accepted Answer

Diuretics are medications that help reduce blood volume by increasing urine output, which ultimately leads to a decrease in blood pressure. Antidiuretics, on the other hand, increase blood volume and would not be an appropriate choice for treating high blood pressure.

Question 8

Vomiting and diarrhea may be life threatening when _________ sodium levels lead to_________ blood pressure.​ 
A)reduced; low 
B)reduced; high 
C)increased; low 
D)increased; high

Accepted Answer

Vomiting and diarrhea can cause dehydration and loss of electrolytes, including sodium. Reduced sodium levels (hyponatremia) can lead to low blood pressure (hypotension) which can be life-threatening if left untreated. Increased sodium levels (hypernatremia) can also be dangerous but they are not generally associated with vomiting and diarrhea.

Question 9

Extreme thirst may occur in cases of diabetes mellitus due to​ 
A)low blood volume. 
B)low concentrations of solutes in the blood. 
C)high concentrations of solutes in the blood. 
D)high blood volume.

Accepted Answer

In cases of diabetes mellitus, there is a high concentration of solutes (especially glucose) in the blood due to the inability of cells to take up glucose properly. This high concentration of solutes leads to the movement of water out of cells, causing dehydration and extreme thirst.

Question 10

Eating a salty meal produces​ 
A)osmotic thirst due to loss of intracellular fluid. 
B)osmotic thirst due to loss of extracellular fluid. 
C)hypovolemic thirst due to loss of intracellular fluid. 
D)hypovolemic thirst due to loss of extracellular fluid.

Accepted Answer

Eating a salty meal increases the concentration of salt in the extracellular fluid, causing water to move out of the cells to balance the concentration, leading to osmotic thirst due to loss of intracellular fluid.

Question 11

When hypovolemia is experimentally induced in research animals,they usually show​ 
A)avoidance of sodium. 
B)a specific hunger for sodium. 
C)lack of thirst. 
D)a specific hunger for glucose.

Accepted Answer

When experimentally induced hypovolemia occurs, there is a specific hunger for sodium to compensate for the lost fluids. This is known as sodium appetite. Avoidance of sodium or lack of thirst are not typically seen in this situation. There is no evidence to suggest a specific hunger for glucose in hypovolemia.

Question 12

Kyle's father loves to add salt to his food,but given the family's history of high blood pressure and stroke,he is trying to avoid this practice.Why is eating less salt important in controlling blood pressure?​ 
A)Excess salt damages the kidneys, resulting in a buildup of fluids leading to high blood pressure. 
B)The kidneys get accustomed to higher levels of salt, interfering with their ability to monitor fluid levels properly. 
C)High levels of salt in the blood causes water to leave the cells and the higher blood volume increases blood pressure. 
D)Higher levels of salt intake stimulate overdrinking and the resulting higher blood volume leads to high blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

High levels of salt in the blood cause water to leave the cells and enter the bloodstream, which increases the volume of blood and leads to high blood pressure. This can also cause damage to the blood vessels and kidneys over time, leading to an increased risk of stroke and other health complications. By reducing salt intake, blood pressure levels can be better controlled and the risk of related health issues can be reduced.

Question 13

Renin is released by the 
A)pituitary glands in response to ADH. 
B)kidneys in response to ADH. 
C)pituitary glands in response to angiotensin II. 
D)kidneys in response to angiotensin II.

Accepted Answer

Renin is released by the kidneys in response to signals such as low blood pressure, decreased sodium concentration, or sympathetic nervous system activation, not directly in response to ADH (antidiuretic hormone). However, ADH affects mechanisms that can influence these signals.

Question 14

Baroreceptors are located in the​ 
A)organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). 
B)heart and kidneys. 
C)medulla. 
D)stomach and digestive tract.

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptors are primarily located in the heart and kidneys, where they detect changes in blood pressure and help regulate it through a feedback loop with the nervous and endocrine systems. The OVLT and medulla are also involved in regulating blood pressure, but do not contain baroreceptors themselves. The digestive tract does not play a significant role in blood pressure regulation.

Question 15

Osmoreceptors appear to 
A)increase their rate of firing when placed in a hypertonic solution, and decrease their rate of firing when placed in a hypotonic solution. 
B)increase their rate of firing when placed in a hypotonic solution, and decrease their rate of firing when placed in a hypertonic solution. 
C)increase their rate of firing when blood pressure drops. 
D)decrease their rate of firing when blood pressure drops.

Accepted Answer

Osmoreceptors are sensitive to the osmolarity of the surrounding fluid. In a hypertonic solution, where the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell, water moves out of the osmoreceptors, causing them to shrink and increase their firing rate. Conversely, in a hypotonic solution, where the concentration of solutes is lower outside the cell, water moves into the osmoreceptors, causing them to swell and decrease their firing rate.

Question 16

Aldosterone signals the kidneys to​ 
A)retain sodium. 
B)excrete sodium. 
C)increase urine production. 
D)decrease urine production.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone signals the kidneys to retain sodium, which in turn increases water retention and blood volume.

Question 17

The subfornical organ communicates directly with the 
A)posterior pituitary. 
B)lateral hypothalamus. 
C)median preoptic nucleus. 
D)zona incerta.

Accepted Answer

The subfornical organ communicates directly with the median preoptic nucleus, which is involved in the regulation of thirst and fluid balance.

Question 18

What do baroreceptors measure?​ 
A)blood pressure 
B)intracellular fluid volume 
C)sodium levels 
D)interstitial fluid volume

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptors are specialized sensory receptors found in the walls of blood vessels such as the carotid sinuses and aortic arch. They measure changes in blood pressure and provide feedback to the brain in order to regulate and maintain blood pressure within optimal levels.

Question 19

Aldosterone is released by the​ 
A)kidneys. 
B)anterior pituitary gland. 
C)posterior pituitary gland. 
D)adrenal glands.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, specifically the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. It helps regulate the balance of salt and water in the body by promoting the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the kidneys.

Question 20

Researchers have identified the _________ as the most likely location of osmoreceptors.
A)preoptic area of the hypothalamus 
B)posterior hypothalamus 
C)lateral hypothalamus 
D)organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

Accepted Answer

The OVLT is a specialized area within the hypothalamus that contains osmoreceptors, which are specialized cells that respond to changes in the concentration of salt and other solutes in the blood. These receptors play a key role in regulating thirst and water balance in the body. While other areas of the hypothalamus are also involved in these processes, research suggests that the OVLT is the primary location of osmoreceptors.

Quiz 9: Homeostasis and Motivation

Drinking is initiated when

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released in response to

The function of angiotensin II is to

Monica had a serious case of the flu,with lots of vomiting and diarrhea.When she called the Health Center for advice,a nurse told her to

(see Figure 9.12) -The numbered structures in this image regulate which of the following phenomena?

The function of renin is to

Medications used to treat high blood pressure include _ because they _ blood volume.

Vomiting and diarrhea may be life threatening when _ sodium levels lead to_ blood pressure.

Extreme thirst may occur in cases of diabetes mellitus due to

Eating a salty meal produces

When hypovolemia is experimentally induced in research animals,they usually show

Kyle's father loves to add salt to his food,but given the family's history of high blood pressure and stroke,he is trying to avoid this practice.Why is eating less salt important in controlling blood pressure?

Renin is released by the

Baroreceptors are located in the

Osmoreceptors appear to

Aldosterone signals the kidneys to

The subfornical organ communicates directly with the

What do baroreceptors measure?

Aldosterone is released by the

Researchers have identified the _________ as the most likely location of osmoreceptors.

Quiz 9: Homeostasis and Motivation

Drinking is initiated when​

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released in response to

The function of angiotensin II is to​

Monica had a serious case of the flu,with lots of vomiting and diarrhea.When she called the Health Center for advice,a nurse told her to​

(see Figure 9.12) ​ -The numbered structures in this image regulate which of the following phenomena?​

The function of renin is to​

Medications used to treat high blood pressure include _________ because they _________ blood volume.​

Vomiting and diarrhea may be life threatening when _________ sodium levels lead to_________ blood pressure.​

Extreme thirst may occur in cases of diabetes mellitus due to​

Eating a salty meal produces​

When hypovolemia is experimentally induced in research animals,they usually show​

Kyle's father loves to add salt to his food,but given the family's history of high blood pressure and stroke,he is trying to avoid this practice.Why is eating less salt important in controlling blood pressure?​