Question 1

As described in the opening vignette, John Garcia found that:

Accepted Answer

John Garcia's research demonstrated that animals, such as wolves, can develop a conditioned taste aversion after a single negative experience, such as getting sick from eating a particular food, leading them to avoid that food in the future.

Question 2

Learning is defined as:

Accepted Answer

Learning is typically defined as an enduring change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience, which aligns with option A.

Question 3

Behaviors that are elicited automatically by a stimulus in the environment are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli in the environment.

Question 4

A decrease in the strength of a response after repeated presentations of the stimulus is called:

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process where repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a decrease in response.

Question 5

You are sitting in a class and a student repeatedly clears her throat. At first you are annoyed by the other student's behavior. However, after a short period of time, you don't even hear her do it anymore. You have undergone:

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process by which we become accustomed to a stimulus after repeated exposure, leading to a decrease in our response to it. In this scenario, you initially notice the throat clearing but eventually stop noticing it, which is an example of habituation.

Question 6

You are house-sitting for a friend who has a large grandfather clock that chimes every 15 minutes. At first, you startle each time you hear it. However, after a short period of time, you don't even hear it anymore. You have undergone:

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process by which an individual becomes accustomed to a stimulus after repeated exposure, leading to a decrease in response. In this scenario, you become used to the clock chimes and stop noticing them.

Question 7

The migrating of salmon to their ancestral breeding grounds is __________; the traveling that college students do during Spring Break is __________

Accepted Answer

Salmon migration is an instinctual, reflexive behavior, while college students' travel during Spring Break is a learned behavior.

Question 8

Theories of learning generally share the assumption that:

Accepted Answer

Theories of learning typically agree that experience influences behavior, learning is an adaptive process, and scientific methods can reveal principles of learning.

Question 9

Aristotle proposed the law of _____, which proposes that two events will be associated if they are experienced close together in time.

Accepted Answer

Aristotle proposed the law of contiguity, which suggests that two events will be associated if they occur close together in time.

Question 10

The most important law of association, according to Aristotle, is the principle of:

Accepted Answer

Aristotle considered the principle of contiguity, which refers to the tendency to associate things that occur close together in time or space, as the most important law of association.

Question 11

I have come to associate my students' voices with their faces. I have made use of:

Accepted Answer

The law of contiguity refers to the association of two events or stimuli that occur close together in time or space, such as associating students' voices with their faces.

Question 12

Aristotle proposed the law of _____, which proposes that two events will be associated if they resemble each other.

Accepted Answer

Aristotle's law of similarity suggests that two events or ideas are associated if they resemble each other.

Question 13

Due to your experiences with people of a certain type, you find yourself responding to new people in the same way as people in the past that belonged to that category or type. You are adhering to:

Accepted Answer

The law of similarity suggests that we respond to new stimuli based on their similarity to past experiences, leading us to react to new people as we did to similar people in the past.

Question 14

A fundamental aspect of the behaviorist agenda was to:

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism aimed to focus on observable behavior and sought to eliminate the use of subjective terms like thoughts and motives from psychological study.

Question 15

Classical conditioning was originally proposed by:

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is credited with the original proposal and development of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.

Question 16

What kind of learning can be achieved through classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning that two events are related, typically through the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

Question 17

As you drive down the street, a leaf hits your windshield. You know that the leaf is not going to break the windshield and yet you blink anyway. In classical conditioning, the leaf is a/an:

Accepted Answer

The answer of As you drive down the street, a...

Question 18

As you drive down the street, a leaf hits your windshield. You know that it is not going to break the windshield and yet you blink anyway. In classical conditioning, blinking to an object that is about to hit you in the face is a/an:

Accepted Answer

Blinking in response to an object approaching your face is an unconditioned response (UCR) because it is an automatic, reflexive action that does not require prior learning.

Question 19

You recently noticed that eating sour candy causes extra salivation as your body reacts to the sour taste. You love sour candy and eat it often. The other day you purchased a new bag of sour candy and as you were looking at the bag, you noticed that you were salivating. The salivation while looking at the bag is a:

Accepted Answer

The salivation while looking at the bag is a conditioned response (CR) because it occurs in response to a conditioned stimulus (CS), which is the sight of the sour candy bag, due to previous associations with the taste.

Question 20

You recently noticed that eating sour candy causes extra salivation as your body reacts to the sour taste. You love sour candy and eat it often. The other day you purchased a new bag of sour candy and as you were looking at the bag, you noticed that you were salivating. The sour candy is a:

Accepted Answer

The sour candy is a conditioned stimulus (CS) because it has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of the sour taste that naturally causes salivation, leading to a conditioned response (CR) of salivation when seeing the candy.

Quiz 5: Learning