Question 1

In order for classical conditioning to occur, Pavlov suggests that the UCS should be paired with:

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is paired with a neutral stimulus, which eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) after repeated pairings.

Question 2

In classical conditioning, UCRs are essentially:

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, Unconditioned Responses (UCRs) are reflexive responses that occur naturally and automatically in reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, without any prior learning.

Question 3

Conditioned taste aversions:

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversions can last for years, can be acquired even when the subject is unconscious, and have been demonstrated in animals without a cortex, indicating their robustness and fundamental nature in learning and memory processes.

Question 4

Conditioned taste aversions generally result from __________ and are considered__________ from an evolutionary perspective

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversions typically occur when a taste is associated with nausea, which is crucial for survival as it helps organisms avoid consuming harmful substances.

Question 5

Although you used to love cherry candy, the taste of it now makes you slightly nauseous. You realize that you have felt that way ever since you experienced food poisoning shortly after eating a cherry candy. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversion is a learned aversion to a particular food that develops after the food is associated with an illness. In this case, the person developed an aversion to cherry candy after experiencing food poisoning shortly after eating it.

Question 6

Chemotherapy patients may associate stimuli such as the nurse's voice or the treatment center with the nausea induced by the chemotherapy and thus become nauseated in response to those stimuli. Which of the following would be the most effective technique for counteracting this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimuli without the chemotherapy or with anti-nausea agents can help extinguish the conditioned response of nausea.

Question 7

Raccoons have been getting into my garbage and making a mess. A person at the hardware store tells me of a chemical that I can spray on my garbage. The chemical makes the raccoons sick soon after eating my garbage and that makes them avoid my garbage cans. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversions occur when an animal associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance, leading them to avoid that food in the future. In this case, the chemical makes the raccoons sick, causing them to avoid the garbage.

Question 8

The purpose of Watson's experiment involving little Albert was to determine if:

Accepted Answer

Watson's experiment with Little Albert aimed to demonstrate that emotional responses, such as fear, can be conditioned or learned through association, rather than being innate.

Question 9

Watson and Raynor found that little Albert transferred his fear of rats to:

Accepted Answer

Little Albert's fear was generalized to other similar stimuli, including a rabbit, a dog, and cotton wool, demonstrating stimulus generalization.

Question 10

Irrational fears of specific objects or situations are known as:

Accepted Answer

Phobias are irrational fears of specific objects or situations, unlike delusions or paranoias which involve false beliefs or feelings of persecution.

Question 11

In a study described in your textbook, participants saw a picture of either a beige or a blue pen. At the same time, they listened to either familiar American music or unfamiliar non-American music. The results of the study showed that:

Accepted Answer

Participants made positive associations to the pen when hearing familiar music, indicating that familiarity with the music influenced their perception of the pen.

Question 12

There is a movie that innately causes me to become very enthusiastic. I watch that movie prior to a particular class. After I have watched the movie prior to that class enough times, I come to realize that I really like the class. This shows that:

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes a situation where the positive emotions elicited by the movie become associated with the class, demonstrating classical conditioning.

Question 13

The three kinds of conditioned responses discussed in the chapter do NOT include:

Accepted Answer

Conditioned cognitive states are not typically discussed as a type of conditioned response in classical conditioning literature, unlike taste aversions, emotional responses, and immune responses.

Question 14

When organisms are classically conditioned to a CS, they may respond to similar stimuli with that same CS. That is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) with the same conditioned response.

Question 15

In a well-known example of classical conditioning, researchers taught a baby named Little Albert to fear a furry white rat by frightening him with a loud noise each time he reached out to touch the rat. After this experience, Little Albert became afraid of white sheep and other white furry objects. Little Albert's fear of furry sheep is an example of

Accepted Answer

Little Albert's fear of white sheep and other white furry objects is an example of stimulus generalization, where a response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 16

Stimulus generalization is a tendency to react to stimuli similar to training stimuli by giving a:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus with a similar response, indicating that the response has generalized beyond the specific stimulus used in training.

Question 17

Aristotle's principle of similarity is similar to:

Accepted Answer

Aristotle's principle of similarity refers to the idea that similar stimuli are likely to elicit similar responses, which aligns with the concept of stimulus generalization where a response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 18

A class has nothing but essay exams. I study in a particular way and end up with an A in that course. The next semester, there is another course that also has essay exams. I study the same way. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. In this case, the study method used successfully in one course is applied to another similar course.

Question 19

Despite the fact that my classes have exams, I find that I study for each exam in a very different manner. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination occurs when an individual responds differently to various stimuli, in this case, studying differently for each exam.

Question 20

To associate the can opener with food, I run the can opener and then feed my cat. From a classical conditioning perspective, each pairing of the sound of the can opener with food is referred to as a/an:

Accepted Answer

The answer of To associate the can opener with food,...

Quiz 5: Learning