Question 1

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.
 
-Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Using the marginal means,state whether it appears that the main effects in Dr.Lopez's study are important.(You do not need to say whether the main effects are statistically significant,but simply whether a difference appears to exist.)

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated...

Question 2

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many interactions will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4...

Question 3

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many main effects will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

Accepted Answer

A 2 x 4 factorial design involves two independent variables, each with two and four levels respectively. Dr. Gavin will need to examine two main effects, one for each independent variable, to see how each variable individually affects the dependent variable.

Question 4

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.
 
-Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Explain what makes Dr.Lopez's study a crossed factorial design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated...

Question 5

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.
 
-Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Using Dr.Lopez's study as an example,explain why an interaction is often described by saying "it depends."

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated...

Question 6

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 x 2 x 4 design." Based on this sentence alone,you would know all of the following pieces of information EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The sentence does not provide information about the number of participants in the study.

Question 7

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2 x 4 within-subjects factorial design.Which of the following things will change?

Accepted Answer

The change from an independent-groups design to a within-subjects design means that each participant will serve in both experimental and control conditions. Therefore, the number of participants needed will decrease because each participant will provide data for both levels of the independent variable. However, the number of cells, main effects, and interactions will remain the same.

Question 8

A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A "difference in the difference between the...

Question 9

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell,how many participants does Dr.Gavin need to recruit?

Accepted Answer

A 2 x 4 factorial design has 8 cells (2 levels of the first factor and 4 levels of the second factor). With 25 participants per cell, Dr. Gavin needs 8 x 25 = 200 participants.

Question 10

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.
 
-Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Using factorial notation,describe Dr.Lopez's study.Given this information,how many main effects and interactions will Dr.Lopez need to examine?

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated...

Question 11

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 x 2 x 4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence?

Accepted Answer

The description of the study's design is typically found in the Method section of a journal article.

Question 12

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

All of the methods listed (using the word significant, including an asterisk in a table, and using the notation p < 0.05) are commonly used by authors to indicate statistical significance in scientific writing.

Question 13

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2 x 3 x 4 mixed factorial design.Which of the following things will change?

Accepted Answer

All of the listed things will change when conducting a mixed factorial design instead of an independent-groups factorial design. With the addition of a within-subjects factor, there will be more main effects and interactions to examine, more participants will be needed to account for the added factor, and the total number of cells in the design will increase.

Question 14

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular press article that indicates an interaction?

Accepted Answer

"It depends" indicates a conditional relationship or interaction between factors. The other phrases do not necessarily indicate an interaction.

Question 15

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many independent variables are in his study?

Accepted Answer

The independent-groups factorial design involves manipulating two independent variables, each with two levels, resulting in a total of four experimental groups. Therefore, there are two independent variables in this study.

Question 16

When reading popular press articles,why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?

Accepted Answer

Participant variables are often used as moderators in factorial designs, so their inclusion in popular press articles may indicate the presence of such a design. The statement in option B is not correct, as participant variables can be found in designs other than factorial designs, such as correlational studies. Option C is also incorrect, as not all studies with participant variables find significant interactions.

Question 17

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many cells are in his design?

Accepted Answer

In a 2 x 4 factorial design, there are 2 levels of one independent variable ("2") and 4 levels of the other independent variable ("4"). To determine the number of cells in the design, we multiply the number of levels of each variable. Therefore, there are 2 x 4 = 8 cells in the design.

Question 18

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
-Refer to Research Study 11.2 above to answer the following question. Based on the graphs above,why should Dr.Elder conclude that there is a three-way interaction?

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in...

Question 19

According to the textbook,why is it important to study interactions?

Accepted Answer

It is important to study interactions because they are present in many outcomes in psychology and in life. Understanding how different factors interact can also help in making more accurate predictions and developing effective interventions.

Question 20

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.
 
-Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Using Dr.Lopez's study as an example,explain why an interaction can be described as "a difference in differences."

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated...

Quiz 11: Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many interactions will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many main effects will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 x 2 x 4 design." Based on this sentence alone,you would know all of the following pieces of information EXCEPT:

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2 x 4 within-subjects factorial design.Which of the following things will change?

A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell,how many participants does Dr.Gavin need to recruit?

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 x 2 x 4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence?

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT:

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2 x 3 x 4 mixed factorial design.Which of the following things will change?

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular press article that indicates an interaction?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many independent variables are in his study?

When reading popular press articles,why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many cells are in his design?

According to the textbook,why is it important to study interactions?