Question 1

Using the Self-Critical Perfectionism Scale (SCPS), Wheeler et al. (2011)reported that two groups showed the highest levels of self-critical perfectionism relative to other clinical groups and a control group. What did these two groups suffer from?

Accepted Answer

According to the study by Wheeler et al. (2011), the two groups that showed the highest levels of self-critical perfectionism were those suffering from depression and social anxiety disorder.

Question 2

A British study (Dunn et al., 2009)found that reduced positive self-judgment bias in _____ is associated with depressed-specific anhedonic (loss of pleasure)symptoms.

Accepted Answer

The study found that reduced positive self-judgment bias is associated with depressed-specific anhedonic symptoms, indicating that the individuals studied were likely experiencing depression. Therefore, the best choice is B, depressed individuals.

Question 3

The congruency hypothesis suggests that depression results from

Accepted Answer

The congruency hypothesis suggests that depression results from a failure or rejection in an important area of interpersonal need. In other words, when the expectations and experiences in important relationships are not congruent, it leads to depression. Choice A is incorrect because it refers to incongruence in mood, which is not the main focus of the congruency hypothesis. Choice B is incorrect because unexpected success is not a factor in this hypothesis. Choice D is also incorrect because the expectation of depression is not the cause of depression according to this theory.

Question 4

Charlie believes he is worthless because his boss told him so; he is usually one of the top salesmen at his office, although he failed to obtain one minor account. This is an illustration of which cognitive distortion?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Charlie believes he is worthless because his...

Question 5

One method for studying cognitive processing in depression is to use a Stroop task. This method typically reveals that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of One method for studying cognitive processing in...

Question 6

The tendency for depressed people to see the world negatively is termed:

Accepted Answer

Negative schema refers to the cognitive process in which depressed individuals perceive the world in a negative light. They tend to have negative views of themselves, others, and their future. This negative pattern of thinking can contribute to the development and maintenance of depression. Depressive mindset, dysfunctional thinking, and reality are not specific terms used in the context of depression.

Question 7

Sapida realizes after she has already turned in her paper that she forgot to make a title page. She feels worthless and expects to receive a poor grade. This is an example of which of the following cognitive distortions?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sapida realizes after she has already turned...

Question 8

According to Wheeler et al. (2011), those who identify as self-critical perfectionists show the following:

Accepted Answer

Wheeler et al. (2011) describe self-critical perfectionists as individuals who not only strive for high achievement and perfection while engaging in rigorous self-evaluation but also perceive external pressures to pursue unrealistic goals and exhibit a tendency towards defensive separation and preference for solitude.

Question 9

Dr. Neil Rector and colleagues (2000)examined personality trait predictors of depression treatment response and found that:

Accepted Answer

The study found that self-criticism traits predicted poor treatment response, meaning individuals with these traits were less likely to respond well to depression treatment.

Question 10

A British study (Dunn et al., 2009)found that reduced positive self-judgment bias in depressed individuals is associated with _____.

Accepted Answer

The study found that reduced positive self-judgment bias in depressed individuals is associated with depressed-specific anhedonic (loss of pleasure) symptoms. Therefore, option C is the best choice. Options A and B are not mentioned in the study and option D is incorrect.

Question 11

Which of the following findings has emerged from the use of Kuiper et al.'s self-referent encoding task for depression?

Accepted Answer

Kuiper et al.'s self-referent encoding task has shown that depressed individuals tend to endorse more negative words and fewer positive words compared to non-depressed individuals. This finding is consistent with the cognitive theory of depression, which suggests that depressed individuals have a negative bias in their information processing.

Question 12

Depressive cognitive biases, according to the cognitive theory of depression, are

Accepted Answer

The cognitive theory of depression suggests that individuals with depression tend to have negative and pessimistic views of themselves, the world, and the future. These negative biases shape their interpretations of events and experiences, leading to further negative thoughts and feelings. Option B refers to negative beliefs but not necessarily biased beliefs, option C refers to negative schemata but not necessarily biased interpretations, and option D refers to distorted ways of reaching conclusions but not necessarily negative or biased ones.

Question 13

A cognitive bias that involves making a sweeping judgment about the self on the basis of a single event is known as:

Accepted Answer

Overgeneralization refers to making a generalized conclusion based on a single incident or instance, and it is a common cognitive bias observed in individuals with anxiety and depression. For example, an individual who fails a single exam may conclude that they are "stupid" or "incompetent" overall.

Question 14

Dr. Scott McCabe and colleagues (2000)studied differences in cognitive processes by looking at attentional processes. This research found that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Scott McCabe and colleagues (2000)studied differences...

Question 15

Neville believes he is worthless because he invited his friends over to his house to watch a game, and their favourite team lost the game. According to Beck's theory, which cognitive 'bias' does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Arbitrary inference involves drawing a conclusion without evidence or despite contradictory evidence. Neville's belief that he is worthless because his friends' favorite team lost a game at his house is an example of drawing a negative conclusion (about his worth) without a logical basis, as the outcome of the game is not logically connected to his value as a person.

Question 16

James plays violin in the local symphony. A recent concert was poorly reviewed in a newspaper article, and James feels worthless and despondent. This is an example of which of the following cognitive distortions?

Accepted Answer

Selective abstraction involves focusing on a single negative detail and allowing it to define the entire situation, which is what James is doing by letting one poor review affect his self-worth.

Question 17

Which personality factor has been shown to be associated with poorer response to cognitive therapy?

Accepted Answer

Self-criticism has been consistently associated with poorer response to cognitive therapy, as individuals high in self-criticism tend to have negative self-talk and are less likely to believe in the effectiveness of therapy.

Question 18

According to Aaron Beck, the negative triad consists of a negative view of:

Accepted Answer

According to Aaron Beck, the negative triad consists of a negative view of self, world, and future.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is most likely to come from a depressed person living in the United States, according to Beck's theory?

Accepted Answer

Beck's theory of depression emphasizes negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future. Statement C reflects a negative self-assessment, which is a common cognitive distortion in depression.

Question 20

A British study (Dunn et al., 2009)found that _____ in depressed individuals is associated with depressed-specific anhedonic (loss of pleasure)symptoms.

Accepted Answer

The study found that depressed individuals had reduced positive self-judgment bias, which means they were less likely to view themselves in a positive light. This lack of positive self-perception is associated with anhedonic symptoms, or the loss of pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable.

Quiz 8: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Using the Self-Critical Perfectionism Scale (SCPS) , Wheeler et al. (2011) reported that two groups showed the highest levels of self-critical perfectionism relative to other clinical groups and a control group. What did these two groups suffer from?

A British study (Dunn et al., 2009) found that reduced positive self-judgment bias in _____ is associated with depressed-specific anhedonic (loss of pleasure) symptoms.