Question 1

Which of the following is true of conditions that cause intellectual disability (ID)?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true of...

Question 2

The similar sequence and similar structure hypothesis ______.

Accepted Answer

The similar sequence and similar structure hypothesis holds for those with cultural-familial intellectual disability, but only the similar sequence component reliably holds for those with organic intellectual disability. This means that individuals with organic intellectual disability may not progress through each stage of cognitive development, unlike individuals with cultural-familial intellectual disability who progress but may not complete each stage fully. Research has shown that the hypothesis applies more consistently to individuals with cultural-familial intellectual disability.

Question 3

To determine a behavior's purpose,a behavior analyst places a child in four different conditions.In which condition would the behavior analyst respond,"Stop that," when the child engages in the problem behavior?

Accepted Answer

In the attention condition, the behavior analyst would say "Stop that" in response to the child's problem behavior to simulate how the behavior might be maintained by social attention in natural environments. This verbal reprimand serves as a form of attention that the child might be seeking through their behavior.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of Down syndrome?

Accepted Answer

The most common form of Down syndrome is trisomy 21, where a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two.

Answer: C 
 Down syndrome is due to a chromosomal abnormality caused by the failure of the 21st chromosome pair to separate properly during meiosis, a process known as non-disjunction.

Answer: D 
 Down syndrome can occur due to problems in meiosis, but not due to problems in mitosis. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and does not contribute to the genetic makeup of gametes that can lead to Down syndrome.

Question 5

Which of the following was NOT a piece of evidence discussed in the text that provides support for the endorphin hypothesis for self-injurious behaviors (SIBs)?

Accepted Answer

Option A was not mentioned as a piece of evidence in the text. The text discusses evidence of endorphin release and abnormalities in opioid receptors in individuals with SIBs, as well as the effectiveness of blocking opioid receptors in reducing SIBs.

Question 6

For a behavior analyst,duration recording would be most useful ______.

Accepted Answer

Duration recording is most useful for behaviors that take a long time to resolve, as it measures the total time a behavior occurs, providing insight into the length of time the behavior persists.

Question 7

Zander is engaging in self-injurious behavior by biting his lips until they bleed.His therapist praises him when he talks,chews gum,or even sticks out his tongue,because when he engages in these behaviors he cannot bite his lips.This approach is ______.

Accepted Answer

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors involves reinforcing a behavior that is physically incompatible with the problem behavior, making it impossible to engage in both at the same time. In this case, reinforcing behaviors such as talking or chewing gum that cannot be done while biting his lips, prevents Zander from engaging in self-injurious behavior.

Question 8

What is the relationship between the cause of Prader-Willi syndrome and the cause of Angelman syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Both Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome involve chromosome 15, but the difference is in the deletion of genetic material. In Prader-Willi syndrome, there is a deletion of genetic material from the father, whereas in Angelman syndrome, there is a deletion of genetic material from the mother.

Question 9

Towanda is engaging in challenging behaviors,such as tantrumming and throwing objects.A behavior analyst conducts a functional behavior analysis and notices Towanda is most likely to display these behaviors when she's asked to engage in a difficult and undesirable task.Which of the following is likely true?

Accepted Answer

Towanda's challenging behaviors are most likely maintained by negative reinforcement because they occur when she is asked to engage in a difficult and undesirable task. This suggests that the behaviors are being used to escape or avoid that task. Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus (in this case, the difficult and undesirable task).

Question 10

Which of the following is true of the prevalence of intellectual disability (ID)?

Accepted Answer

Screening adults for ID results in a much lower prevalence rate than screening school-age children because many individuals with mild or moderate ID may have developed coping skills and strategies that enable them to function well in society, making them less likely to be identified through screening methods. As a result, adult diagnoses of ID are often based on a history of intellectual impairment during childhood or early adolescence rather than on current IQ scores.

Answer: B 
 The prevalence of ID is often estimated based on the percentage of individuals who fall 2 standard deviations below the mean on the normal curve of IQ scores, which is approximately 2.2% of the population. However, this method of estimation may not capture all individuals with ID, particularly those with mild or moderate impairment who may fall above this cutoff but still experience significant difficulties in daily life.

Therefore, while B is technically correct, C provides more complete information about the limitations of prevalence estimates based on IQ scores. Answers A and D are incorrect because they suggest that ID is a static condition that remains constant over time and is equally likely to occur in males and females, respectively. These assertions are not supported by research on ID.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT associated with Prader-Willi syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Depression is not a common feature of Prader-Willi syndrome. Hoarding, physical outbursts, and obsessions and compulsions are all commonly associated with the disorder.

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding the strengths and weaknesses of children with Down syndrome?

Accepted Answer

While children with Down syndrome typically have delays in language development, they usually demonstrate strengths in visual-spatial reasoning. Psychiatric disorders are not more common in children with Down syndrome compared to other children with intellectual disabilities. Impairments in the first year of life are not necessarily a hallmark of Down syndrome.

Question 13

Which of the following is not a difference between children with organic intellectual disability (ID)and those with cultural-familial ID?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 14

Hyperphagia is associated with which condition?

Accepted Answer

Hyperphagia, or insatiable appetite and overeating, is a characteristic symptom of Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects appetite, growth, metabolism, and cognitive function. Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Angelman syndrome are not typically associated with hyperphagia.

Question 15

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with a happy demeanor?

Accepted Answer

Prader-Willi syndrome is associated with behavioral problems and a tendency to overeat, which may lead to feelings of dissatisfaction and affect the person's demeanor. In contrast, Down syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Williams syndrome are all associated with a generally happy and sociable demeanor.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, while Prader-Willi syndrome is related to missing paternal genetic information on chromosome 15.

Question 17

What is the difference between event recording and interval recording?

Accepted Answer

Event recording involves counting the number of times a behavior occurs within a certain timeframe (e.g. counting how many times a student talks out of turn during a 30-minute class period), while interval recording involves breaking that timeframe into smaller intervals and recording whether or not the behavior occurred within each interval (e.g. observing whether the student talked out of turn during five-minute intervals throughout the class period).

Question 18

Which interventions tend to be most helpful in reducing aggressive acts in those with intellectual disability ?

Accepted Answer

Communication training is often effective in reducing aggression in individuals with intellectual disabilities by helping them express needs and frustrations more appropriately.

Question 19

Seizures are most commonly seen in which of the following disorders?

Accepted Answer

Seizures are most commonly seen in Angelman syndrome, due to a genetic abnormality on chromosome 15. While individuals with Down syndrome and Williams syndrome may experience seizures, it is not as common as in Angelman syndrome. Prader-Willi syndrome is not typically associated with seizures.

Question 20

What particular term is used to refer to the presence of mental disorders among individuals with intellectual disability (ID)?

Accepted Answer

The term used to refer to the presence of mental disorders among individuals with intellectual disability is dual diagnosis. This term acknowledges that individuals with ID can have more than one diagnosis, including a mental health disorder, and that these diagnoses can interact and impact each other. Comorbidity also refers to the presence of multiple diagnoses, but dual diagnosis specifically refers to the co-occurring diagnosis of ID and a mental health disorder. Diagnostic overshadowing refers to the tendency for clinicians to attribute all symptoms to the individual's ID rather than considering a separate mental health disorder. Concomitant disorder is not a commonly used term in this context.

Quiz 5: Intellectual Disability and Developmental

Which of the following is true of conditions that cause intellectual disability (ID) ?

The similar sequence and similar structure hypothesis ______.

To determine a behavior's purpose,a behavior analyst places a child in four different conditions.In which condition would the behavior analyst respond,"Stop that," when the child engages in the problem behavior?

Which of the following is true of Down syndrome?

Which of the following was NOT a piece of evidence discussed in the text that provides support for the endorphin hypothesis for self-injurious behaviors (SIBs) ?

For a behavior analyst,duration recording would be most useful ______.

Zander is engaging in self-injurious behavior by biting his lips until they bleed.His therapist praises him when he talks,chews gum,or even sticks out his tongue,because when he engages in these behaviors he cannot bite his lips.This approach is ______.

What is the relationship between the cause of Prader-Willi syndrome and the cause of Angelman syndrome?

Which of the following is true of the prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) ?