Question 1

Road crashes cost Australia $15 billion a year and excessive speed is a major cause of severe traffic crashes.The Australian government is thinking of using cameras to catch speeders,but it has access to only a limited number of cameras,and there are many areas where speeding is a problem.Government officials plan to put cameras at various locations for four weeks and give everyone who gets caught speeding during that period a substantial fine.The cameras will then be moved.Plans are to put the cameras back to their original locations every fourth month.Which kind of reinforcement schedule will be used?

Accepted Answer

In a fixed interval reinforcement schedule,consequences follow a behaviour only after a fixed time has elapsed.

Question 2

Which of the following is also called avoidance learning?

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement is also called avoidance learning because the behavior is strengthened by the avoidance of an aversive stimulus.

Question 3

Workplace injuries cost billions every year.Safety needs to become a practice,not just a theory.The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level.Which statement explains what this means?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Workplace injuries cost billions every year.Safety needs...

Question 4

Which reinforcement schedule may be the best choice for managers in terms of simplicity and effectiveness?

Accepted Answer

To motivate with reinforcement theory,management needs to choose the simplest schedules.

Question 5

Which of the following is a category of reinforcement schedules?

Accepted Answer

The category of reinforcement schedules are continuous, fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval. "Variable interval" is one of the categories listed in the options.

Question 6

A manufacturer of modular housing gives each employee a monthly $300 bonus if he or she is neither absent nor late to work for the entire month.There are no excused absences.What type of reinforcement occurs when a parent with a hospitalized child loses their bonus?

Accepted Answer

Punishment is reinforcement that weakens behaviour by following behaviours with undesirable consequences.

Question 7

Recently,an ad agency manager noticed her employees have shown an unwillingness to work as a team.She decided to use reinforcement to encourage more team cohesiveness.Which of the following is the best advice on how to motivate her team with reinforcement theory?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcing the wrong behaviors can actually harm team cohesiveness and send mixed signals about what is expected. It's best to clearly define the desired behaviors and reinforce them consistently. Avoiding intermittent reinforcement scheduling can also help establish a clear connection between behavior and reward. Administering punishment on an intermittent schedule can lead to unpredictable consequences and create negative feelings towards the team and the manager. Choosing a complicated reinforcement schedule can also lead to confusion and frustration among team members.

Question 8

In which type of reinforcement schedule are consequences delivered after a specific number of behaviours?

Accepted Answer

In fixed ratio reinforcement schedule, consequences are delivered after a specific number of behaviors. For example, reinforcing a behavior every 5th time it occurs. This type of reinforcement schedule tends to result in high and consistent rates of responding, known as a "ratio run." Other reinforcement schedules include continuous reinforcement, in which consequences are delivered after every behavior, intermittent reinforcement, in which consequences are delivered after some but not all behaviors, and fixed interval reinforcement, in which consequences are delivered after a set amount of time has passed regardless of the number of behaviors.

Question 9

Which type of reinforcement schedule tends to produce weaker results than the other types of reinforcement schedules when it comes to reinforcing behaviour in organizational settings?

Accepted Answer

Interval reinforcement schedules tend to produce weaker results than the other types of reinforcement schedules in organizational settings, as they only reinforce behaviour after a certain amount of time has passed, rather than every time the desired behaviour is exhibited. This can lead to a slower rate of learning and weaker reinforcement of the behaviour.

Question 10

For punishment to work (i.e.,to weaken the frequency of undesirable behaviours without creating a backlash),the punishment must be strong enough to stop the undesired behaviour.How must punishment be administered?

Accepted Answer

Punishment is most effective when it is consistently applied immediately after the undesired behavior, contingent on that behavior, and strong enough to stop it from occurring again in the future. It is important that the punishment is administered consistently, so the person knows every time they engage in the undesired behavior, a punishment will follow, which will make them less likely to do the behaviour in the future. Additionally, the punishment should be administered quickly after the undesired behavior, otherwise, the person may not connect the punishment with the behavior. Lastly, punishment should not be so intense as to create a backlash or lead to fear or aggression.

Question 11

France has 14 million smokers.More important,smokers in France are closely associated with the French culture.To reduce the number of smokers in the nation,the French government has increased the costs of cigarettes to a price 20 times greater than that charged in any other nation in the European Union.In terms of reinforcement theory,which kind of reinforcement schedule is being used?

Accepted Answer

A continuous reinforcement schedule is a schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of behaviour.

Question 12

The number of people who play high-stakes poker is increasing as a result of a number of cable television shows featuring professional poker players vying for $100,000 pots.In terms of reinforcement theory,which kind of reinforcement schedule motivates the behaviour of these card players?

Accepted Answer

A variable ratio reinforcement schedule is an intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviours,sometimes more and sometimes less,that vary around a specified average number of behaviours.

Question 13

What should a manager do first when using reinforcement theory to motivate workers?

Accepted Answer

The study of the behavioural elements of performance is essential to correctly reinforcing behaviour in such a way as to improve performance.

Question 14

Excessive speed is a major cause of road crashes in Australia.The Australian government is thinking of using cameras to catch speeders,but it has access to only a limited number of cameras,and there are many areas where speeding is a problem.Government officials plan to put cameras at various locations for four weeks and give everyone who gets caught speeding during that period a substantial fine.According to reinforcement theory,what are Australian officials using to control speeding?

Accepted Answer

Punishment is reinforcement that weakens behaviour by following behaviours with undesirable consequences.

Question 15

In which type of reinforcement schedule does a consequence follow every instance of a behaviour?

Accepted Answer

In a continuous reinforcement schedule, a consequence (reward or punishment) follows every instance of a behavior.

Question 16

France has 14 million smokers.More important,smokers in France are closely associated with the French culture.To reduce the number of smokers in the nation,the French government has increased the costs of cigarettes to a price 20 times greater than that charged in any other nation in the European Union.They are making cigarettes less affordable and reducing the discretionary income (or possibly the disposable income)of people who continue smoking.In terms of reinforcement theory,what is the French government trying to use to get people to quit smoking?

Accepted Answer

Punishment is reinforcement that weakens behaviour by following behaviours with undesirable consequences.

Question 17

In which reinforcement strategy does a behaviour have no consequences,positive or negative,thus weakening the behaviour over time?

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the reinforcement strategy where a behavior has no consequences, positive or negative, thus weakening the behavior over time. In contrast, positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by adding a desirable consequence, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus, and punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior by adding an aversive consequence.

Question 18

In which type of reinforcement schedule do consequences follow a behaviour after different times,some shorter and some longer around a specified average time?

Accepted Answer

In a variable interval schedule, the reinforcement comes after different times around an average time. This schedule is effective in maintaining a behavior because the subject cannot predict when the reinforcement will occur, encouraging them to continue the behavior in the hopes of receiving a reward.

Question 19

What is the term for the set of rules regarding reinforcement contingencies,such as which behaviours will be reinforced,which consequences will follow those behaviours,and the timeline by which those consequences will be delivered?

Accepted Answer

The term "schedule of reinforcement" refers to the set of rules that dictate the conditions under which behaviors will be reinforced, the type of consequences that will follow those behaviors, and the timing of when those consequences will be delivered.

Question 20

In which type of reinforcement schedule do consequences follow a behaviour only after a certain amount of time has elapsed?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In which type of reinforcement schedule do...

Quiz 13: Motivation

Which of the following is also called avoidance learning?

Workplace injuries cost billions every year.Safety needs to become a practice,not just a theory.The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level.Which statement explains what this means?

Which reinforcement schedule may be the best choice for managers in terms of simplicity and effectiveness?

Which of the following is a category of reinforcement schedules?

A manufacturer of modular housing gives each employee a monthly $300 bonus if he or she is neither absent nor late to work for the entire month.There are no excused absences.What type of reinforcement occurs when a parent with a hospitalized child loses their bonus?

Recently,an ad agency manager noticed her employees have shown an unwillingness to work as a team.She decided to use reinforcement to encourage more team cohesiveness.Which of the following is the best advice on how to motivate her team with reinforcement theory?

In which type of reinforcement schedule are consequences delivered after a specific number of behaviours?

Which type of reinforcement schedule tends to produce weaker results than the other types of reinforcement schedules when it comes to reinforcing behaviour in organizational settings?

For punishment to work (i.e.,to weaken the frequency of undesirable behaviours without creating a backlash) ,the punishment must be strong enough to stop the undesired behaviour.How must punishment be administered?

The number of people who play high-stakes poker is increasing as a result of a number of cable television shows featuring professional poker players vying for $100,000 pots.In terms of reinforcement theory,which kind of reinforcement schedule motivates the behaviour of these card players?

What should a manager do first when using reinforcement theory to motivate workers?

In which type of reinforcement schedule does a consequence follow every instance of a behaviour?

In which reinforcement strategy does a behaviour have no consequences,positive or negative,thus weakening the behaviour over time?

In which type of reinforcement schedule do consequences follow a behaviour after different times,some shorter and some longer around a specified average time?

What is the term for the set of rules regarding reinforcement contingencies,such as which behaviours will be reinforced,which consequences will follow those behaviours,and the timeline by which those consequences will be delivered?

In which type of reinforcement schedule do consequences follow a behaviour only after a certain amount of time has elapsed?