Question 1

A child who judges whether an act is good in terms of the physical consequences of reward and punishment is reasoning at which of Kohlberg's levels?

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the preconventional level is the lowest level of moral reasoning in which rules are obeyed to avoid punishment or gain rewards. Children at this level judge whether an act is good or bad in terms of the physical consequences of reward and punishment, indicating a focus on self-interest and a lack of empathy for others.

Question 2

At Kohlberg's postconventional level,moral reasoning is based on

Accepted Answer

At Kohlberg's postconventional level, moral reasoning is based on personal moral principles. This means that individuals at this level have thought deeply about what is right and wrong, and have developed their own set of moral principles that guide their behavior, rather than simply relying on social norms, authority, or external rewards and punishments.

Question 3

Lonnie believes that preservation of life takes precedence over all other rights.Lonnie is in Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's universal ethical principles stage emphasizes the importance of individual rights and justice, and believes that moral actions should be guided by universally accepted ethical principles such as equality, human dignity, and preservation of life. Lonnie's belief that preservation of life takes precedence over all other rights is consistent with this stage of moral reasoning.

Question 4

Before school,Ben stole some cookies from the cookie jar.During recess that day,someone threw his favourite ball onto the school roof.Ben thinking that losing his ball is his punishment for stealing is an example of

Accepted Answer

Ben's belief that losing his ball is punishment for stealing is an example of immanent justice, where individuals believe that immediate consequences serve as punishment for their actions. This belief is often seen in young children, who have not yet developed a full understanding of morality and do not recognize the complexities of a social system. It is not an example of social system morality, as Ben does not demonstrate an understanding of the rules and norms of the larger community. It is also not an example of moral relativism or conventional reasoning, as Ben's belief is based on a simple cause-and-effect relationship rather than a consideration of social norms or individual perspectives.

Question 5

Who is in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory, individuals in the conventional level of moral reasoning base their moral judgments on the approval of others, conformity to social norms and laws, and support for societal institutions. Therefore, Linda, whose moral reasoning is based on the approval of other people, is the only option that fits this level.

Question 6

Individuals who believe that laws become invalid when they no longer benefit individuals have a(n) ________ orientation according to Kohlberg.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's social contract orientation is based on the idea that individuals believe laws are valid only if they are in the best interests of society as a whole, and that laws can be changed if they no longer serve this purpose. This orientation represents a more advanced level of moral reasoning than the obedience or instrumental orientations. The interpersonal norms orientation, which relates to conforming to the expectations of others, is not as directly related to beliefs about the validity of laws.

Question 7

Moral decision-making based on social norms is characteristic of which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Social norms refer to the shared societal expectations for appropriate behavior. At the conventional level of moral reasoning, individuals base their moral decisions on the need to conform to these societal norms and expectations. They seek to maintain social order and harmony through following the rules and expectations set by authority figures in their society. Therefore, moral decision-making based on social norms is characteristic of the conventional level of moral reasoning.

Question 8

A child who reasons at the preconventional level would help another person because

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, children at the preconventional level make moral decisions based on potential rewards or punishments. Therefore, a child at this level would help another person in the hopes of receiving a reward for their good behavior.

Question 9

In a research study,Dr.Evanshen has children respond to the Heinz dilemma.What is she studying?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Evanshen is studying moral reasoning by having children respond to the Heinz dilemma, a classic moral dilemma used to assess the development of moral reasoning in individuals. The dilemma presents a situation where a man named Heinz must decide whether to steal medicine to save his dying wife, and participants are asked to provide their reasoning for their chosen course of action.

Question 10

Piaget's stage of ________ is characterized by an understanding that rules are created by people to help them get along.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's stage of moral relativism takes place in middle childhood (around 7-11 years old) and involves an understanding that rules are created by people and are therefore flexible and can vary from culture to culture. This contrasts with the earlier stage of moral realism (around 4-7 years old), in which children believe that rules are made by some authority figure and are therefore absolute and unchangeable. "Immanent justice" is not a stage in Piaget's theory, but rather refers to a belief held by some children that punishment for wrongdoing is immediately and inevitably delivered by some supernatural force. "Preconventional reasoning" is a term from Kohlberg's theory of moral development and refers to a stage where moral reasoning is based on consequences and self-interest.

Question 11

At about age eight to 10,children progress to the stage of moral relativism.These children are now considered to have

Accepted Answer

At this stage, children start to think and reason for themselves, relying less on rules set by authority figures. They begin to understand that rules can be arbitrary and that situations can have different outcomes based on context, making them more accepting of different perspectives and beliefs. This is the hallmark of autonomous morality.

Question 12

Juanita and her friends have set some rules for a playground game.Juanita realizes that these rules will reduce arguments and can be changed if needed.Juanita is showing

Accepted Answer

Juanita's understanding that rules can be changed if needed reflects moral relativism, which is the belief that moral principles are not absolute but can vary based on circumstances or societal norms.

Question 13

Which comment would you expect to hear from Gina,who is in Kohlberg's instrumental orientation stage?

Accepted Answer

Gina's statement shows that she is focused on using manipulation to get what she wants, which is characteristic of Kohlberg's instrumental orientation stage. She sees social interactions as transactions where each person should benefit in some way.

Question 14

Rebecca responded to the Heinz dilemma by saying "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because stealing is against the law and our society has to outlaw theft in order to be a good place to live." Rebecca is in Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Rebecca's response indicates that she is motivated by a desire to maintain social order and uphold the laws of her community, which is characteristic of Kohlberg's social system morality stage. This stage is focused on understanding the importance of following the rules and maintaining social order for the benefit of all members of society.

Question 15

Sergei is in Piaget's stage of moral relativism.He is likely to

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, moral relativism is the stage where children understand that rules are created by people to help them get along, and can be changed with mutual agreement. Therefore, the likely choice for Sergei's stage of development would be D.

Question 16

At which level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is reasoning governed by personal,moral principles?

Accepted Answer

Postconventional level is where reasoning is governed by personal, moral principles. At this level, individuals are able to think beyond societal norms and expectations, considering abstract principles such as justice, equality, and human rights.

Question 17

Adolescents and adults believe that they should act according to others' expectations when they are in Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

In Kohlberg's stages of moral development, the "interpersonal norms" stage (also known as the "good boy-good girl" orientation, or Stage 3 in his model) is where individuals believe they should act according to others' expectations and seek approval by being nice or good. This stage emphasizes conformity to social roles, relationships, and expectations.

Question 18

Hans' mother told him that it is wrong to lie,so Hans thinks people shouldn't lie because then they won't get punished.Hans is in Kohlberg's stage called

Accepted Answer

The obedience orientation is the second stage in Kohlberg's theory, in which individuals view authority figures as the source of moral truths and base moral decisions on avoiding punishment. Hans demonstrates this stage by believing that lying is wrong because it will result in punishment, as that is what his mother has taught him.

Question 19

Which of the following aspects of Piaget's theory of moral development has NOT been supported by research?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that young children do not necessarily consider adult authority to be final and absolute, as Piaget believed. Instead, they may question authority and consider alternative viewpoints. This is known as the "authoritative mode of moral reasoning" and is a departure from Piaget's theory.

Question 20

Michael decided that hugging his grandmother was a good thing to do,because every time he did,she gave him a piece of candy.Michael is in Kohlberg's ________ level of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Michael's decision to hug his grandmother is motivated by the reward of receiving candy from her. This shows that he is still operating under the preconventional level of moral reasoning, where actions are judged based on their consequences for the individual.

Quiz 12: Moral Understanding and Behaviour