Question 1

"All dogs are animals.Some animals are pets.Therefore,some dogs are pets." This example is a(n)________ syllogism that is likely to be endorsed as ________ due to the belief bias.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of an invalid syllogism because the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises. However, it is likely to be endorsed as true due to belief bias, which is the tendency to judge an argument based on the believability of the conclusion rather than its logical structure.

Question 2

Solomon remembers how Jacob acted last weekend and the weekend before that.On the basis of this,Solomon is trying to figure out whether there is a pattern to Jacob's actions.Solomon is working on a problem of

Accepted Answer

Solomon is using past observations of Jacob's behavior to make a generalization about his actions in the future. This is an example of induction, where specific instances are used to make general conclusions.

Question 3

Ravi is shown a picture with many different breeds of dogs and is asked to discover the rule connecting all of the items in the picture.He believes the rule connecting all of the items is "must be a living thing," but before he announces his guess,he is allowed to propose a new addition to the picture.If Ravi is searching for disconfirming evidence,which of the following items will he propose?

Accepted Answer

Ravi is searching for disconfirming evidence, which means he is looking for an item that does not fit the current rule. A rock is not a living thing, so if it is added to the picture and is still considered an item in the collection, it would disconfirm his initial guess that the rule connecting all of the items is "must be a living thing." Therefore, D is the best choice. A plant and a poodle are living things, while a lion is also a living thing but not typically associated with dogs.

Question 4

You are reading a political blog and come across the following sentiment: "Politicians are liars.John is a politician.Therefore,John is a liar." You are most likely to agree that this is a logical argument if you

Accepted Answer

The argument assumes a syllogism that all politicians are liars and John is a politician, therefore John is a liar. If the reader already distrusts John, they will be more likely to agree with the argument.

Question 5

In a new version of the Wason four-card task,participants are given the rule: "If you read the textbook,then you will get an A on the exam." Each card has a YES or NO on one side,indicating whether or not the student has read the textbook,and an exam grade on the other side.Compared with the original version of the task with just numbers and letters,participants should make

Accepted Answer

The new version of the task provides more concrete and relatable content compared to the original version, which only had numbers and letters. This increased concreteness should help participants make more accurate decisions about which cards to flip over.

Question 6

Maritza believes that clowns are evil.She meets two men who are very nice and then learns that they are clowns.Despite this,she does not adjust her belief and continues to think clowns are evil.This is called

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of belief perseverance, which is the tendency to maintain one's beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence. Maritza's preconceived belief that clowns are evil is so strong that it persists despite encountering two friendly clowns who go against her belief.

Question 7

Jill has a gut feeling about which college she should attend.In Damasio's words,by using sensations of arousal,Jill is relying on ________ to make her decision.

Accepted Answer

Somatic markers are physical sensations that influence decision-making by providing emotional information about past experiences. In this case, Jill's gut feeling about which college to attend is likely based on her previous experiences and the emotional associations she has with certain options. Therefore, she is relying on somatic markers to make her decision.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the effects of emotion on decision making is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The statement that people usually assume the worst and are overly cautious is actually true, rather than false. This is known as "negativity bias," where people tend to weigh potential negative outcomes more heavily than positive ones, and it can affect decision making. The other statements are true: people want to minimize regret, bodily reactions can influence risk perception, and people are bad at forecasting future emotions, which can lead to poor decision making.

Question 9

The four-card task,in which participants must evaluate a rule by deciding which cards to turn over,provides an example of how

Accepted Answer

The four-card task involves conditional reasoning, specifically the if-then statement. Studies have shown that people often perform poorly on this task, indicating difficulty with reasoning about some conditional statements.

Question 10

"All rectangles have four sides.All squares have four sides.Therefore all rectangles are squares." This sequence happens to be invalid,but is

Accepted Answer

The sequence is an example of a categorical syllogism because it involves statements that categorize objects (rectangles and squares) and draws a conclusion based on those categorizations, despite the conclusion being logically invalid.

Question 11

Which of the following is the most plausible way to improve performance on the Wason four-card task?

Accepted Answer

Changing the context of the problem to a more familiar and concrete scenario, such as checking for underage drinkers, has been shown to significantly improve performance on the Wason four-card task. This approach leverages participants' real-world knowledge and reasoning skills, making the task more intuitive.

Question 12

Samuel is asked to predict how he will feel if he doesn't get a promotion at work,a goal he has been working hard to achieve for the past year.Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding his prediction?

Accepted Answer

Research on affective forecasting suggests that people tend to overestimate the intensity and duration of their emotional reactions to negative events. Therefore, it is likely that Samuel will overestimate how long his disappointment will last if he doesn't get the promotion.

Question 13

Evidence from the four-card task suggests that

Accepted Answer

People's thinking can be improved if a problem contains the right triggers, as the four-card task shows that performance improves when the problem is presented in a context that is familiar or meaningful to the individual.

Question 14

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman,people are likely to be ________ when dealing with potential losses,and ________ when dealing with potential gains.

Accepted Answer

Tversky and Kahneman's work on prospect theory suggests that people are more likely to take risks to avoid losses (risk seeking) and more cautious with choices involving potential gains (risk averse).

Question 15

When selecting a course of action framed in terms of either losing lives or saving lives following an epidemic of a serious disease,people typically choose

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is explained by prospect theory, which suggests that people are risk-averse when a problem is framed positively (e.g., saving lives) and risk-seeking when a problem is framed negatively (e.g., losing lives). Therefore, they tend to choose the less risky option when it comes to saving lives and the more risky option when it comes to losing lives.

Question 16

Which of the statements below would complete the following syllogism in a way to make it valid?: All busy people are stressed out.All professors are busy.

Accepted Answer

The given syllogism has the following structure: 
- All A are B 
- All C are A 
To make it valid, the conclusion should follow logically from these premises. Option A is the correct choice because it follows logically from the two premises. If all busy people are stressed out and all professors are busy, then it logically follows that all professors are stressed out. Option B is incorrect and is an example of the fallacy of affirming the consequent. Option C is incorrect because it is not supported by the premises. Option D is also incorrect as it is irrelevant to the syllogism.

Question 17

Identify one of the premises in the following syllogism: All Dalmatians are dogs.Some Dalmatians have tails.Therefore,some dogs have tails.

Accepted Answer

The premise "All Dalmatians are dogs" is a statement that sets up the logical relationship between Dalmatians and dogs, which is necessary for the conclusion that "some dogs have tails." It is a foundational statement that supports the argument's conclusion.

Question 18

On Wednesday,the local weather channel forecast a 25% chance of rain,so Lisa took her umbrella to work.On Friday,the same station reported a 75% chance of no rain,so Lisa left her umbrella at home.The difference in Lisa's behavior between Wednesday and Friday illustrates the effect of

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates the concept of framing. On Wednesday, Lisa framed the situation as a 25% chance of rain, which led her to bring her umbrella. On Friday, the framing changed to a 75% chance of no rain, which led her to leave her umbrella at home. The way the information is framed influences our behavior and decision-making.

Question 19

People are more likely to judge a syllogism to be valid if

Accepted Answer

People are more likely to judge a syllogism to be valid if the conclusion in the statement is believed to be true based on prior knowledge. This is known as the belief bias effect, where prior beliefs influence logical reasoning even when the conclusion does not follow logically from the premises. Type 2 thinking and formal training in logic may improve accuracy in logical reasoning, but they do not necessarily affect the belief bias effect. Phrasing a syllogism in concrete terms may make it easier to understand and process, but it does not affect the validity of the syllogism.

Question 20

An inductive judgment is one in which a person

Accepted Answer

An inductive judgment involves using evidence to make predictions about future events, rather than making cause-and-effect judgments or deductive reasoning.

Quiz 12: Judgment and Reasoning

"All dogs are animals.Some animals are pets.Therefore,some dogs are pets." This example is a(n) syllogism that is likely to be endorsed as due to the belief bias.

Solomon remembers how Jacob acted last weekend and the weekend before that.On the basis of this,Solomon is trying to figure out whether there is a pattern to Jacob's actions.Solomon is working on a problem of

You are reading a political blog and come across the following sentiment: "Politicians are liars.John is a politician.Therefore,John is a liar." You are most likely to agree that this is a logical argument if you

Maritza believes that clowns are evil.She meets two men who are very nice and then learns that they are clowns.Despite this,she does not adjust her belief and continues to think clowns are evil.This is called

Jill has a gut feeling about which college she should attend.In Damasio's words,by using sensations of arousal,Jill is relying on ________ to make her decision.

Which of the following statements about the effects of emotion on decision making is FALSE?

The four-card task,in which participants must evaluate a rule by deciding which cards to turn over,provides an example of how

"All rectangles have four sides.All squares have four sides.Therefore all rectangles are squares." This sequence happens to be invalid,but is

Which of the following is the most plausible way to improve performance on the Wason four-card task?

Samuel is asked to predict how he will feel if he doesn't get a promotion at work,a goal he has been working hard to achieve for the past year.Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding his prediction?

Evidence from the four-card task suggests that

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman,people are likely to be when dealing with potential losses,and when dealing with potential gains.

When selecting a course of action framed in terms of either losing lives or saving lives following an epidemic of a serious disease,people typically choose

Which of the statements below would complete the following syllogism in a way to make it valid?: All busy people are stressed out.All professors are busy.

Identify one of the premises in the following syllogism: All Dalmatians are dogs.Some Dalmatians have tails.Therefore,some dogs have tails.

On Wednesday,the local weather channel forecast a 25% chance of rain,so Lisa took her umbrella to work.On Friday,the same station reported a 75% chance of no rain,so Lisa left her umbrella at home.The difference in Lisa's behavior between Wednesday and Friday illustrates the effect of

People are more likely to judge a syllogism to be valid if

An inductive judgment is one in which a person

Quiz 12: Judgment and Reasoning

"All dogs are animals.Some animals are pets.Therefore,some dogs are pets." This example is a(n) ________ syllogism that is likely to be endorsed as ________ due to the belief bias.

Solomon remembers how Jacob acted last weekend and the weekend before that.On the basis of this,Solomon is trying to figure out whether there is a pattern to Jacob's actions.Solomon is working on a problem of

You are reading a political blog and come across the following sentiment: "Politicians are liars.John is a politician.Therefore,John is a liar." You are most likely to agree that this is a logical argument if you

Maritza believes that clowns are evil.She meets two men who are very nice and then learns that they are clowns.Despite this,she does not adjust her belief and continues to think clowns are evil.This is called

Jill has a gut feeling about which college she should attend.In Damasio's words,by using sensations of arousal,Jill is relying on ________ to make her decision.

Which of the following statements about the effects of emotion on decision making is FALSE?

The four-card task,in which participants must evaluate a rule by deciding which cards to turn over,provides an example of how

"All rectangles have four sides.All squares have four sides.Therefore all rectangles are squares." This sequence happens to be invalid,but is

Which of the following is the most plausible way to improve performance on the Wason four-card task?

Samuel is asked to predict how he will feel if he doesn't get a promotion at work,a goal he has been working hard to achieve for the past year.Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding his prediction?

Evidence from the four-card task suggests that

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman,people are likely to be ________ when dealing with potential losses,and ________ when dealing with potential gains.

When selecting a course of action framed in terms of either losing lives or saving lives following an epidemic of a serious disease,people typically choose

Which of the statements below would complete the following syllogism in a way to make it valid?: All busy people are stressed out.All professors are busy.

Identify one of the premises in the following syllogism: All Dalmatians are dogs.Some Dalmatians have tails.Therefore,some dogs have tails.

On Wednesday,the local weather channel forecast a 25% chance of rain,so Lisa took her umbrella to work.On Friday,the same station reported a 75% chance of no rain,so Lisa left her umbrella at home.The difference in Lisa's behavior between Wednesday and Friday illustrates the effect of

People are more likely to judge a syllogism to be valid if

An inductive judgment is one in which a person

"All dogs are animals.Some animals are pets.Therefore,some dogs are pets." This example is a(n) syllogism that is likely to be endorsed as due to the belief bias.

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman,people are likely to be when dealing with potential losses,and when dealing with potential gains.