Question 1

Allport considered an infant's relationship with the _____ to be the primary source of affection and security,conditions crucial to later personality development.

Accepted Answer

Allport viewed the mother-infant relationship as the primary source of affection and security, which he believed was essential for healthy personality development later in life.

Question 2

According to a study of children in Finland,mothers who had an unfriendly attitude about child rearing raised children who had _____ attitudes at age 15.

Accepted Answer

The study found that mothers with an unfriendly attitude towards child rearing had children with more hostile attitudes at age 15, as opposed to other negative attitudes such as depression, timidity, or neediness.

Question 3

In a national longitudinal survey of children ages 3 to 12,no significant problems with self-esteem were found in children when mothers:

Accepted Answer

The survey found no significant problems with self-esteem in children when mothers worked outside the home. This indicates that maternal employment does not necessarily have a negative impact on children's self-esteem.

Question 4

_____ is beneficial to many aspects of life and is determined by social and environmental factors.

Accepted Answer

Control refers to the ability to influence or manage one's environment and is important for many aspects of life, including health, relationships, and achievement. It is influenced by both social and environmental factors, such as access to resources and social support. Change, consistency, and conformity may also be important in some contexts, but control is the most relevant and comprehensive answer to the given question.

Question 5

_____ wrote from experience about how lack of parental warmth and affection can undermine a child's security and result in feelings of helplessness.

Accepted Answer

This statement most closely aligns with the theories of Karen Horney, a psychoanalytic theorist who emphasized the importance of early experiences in shaping an individual's sense of self and relationships with others. Horney believed that children who do not receive adequate love and affection from their parents may develop a sense of basic anxiety and feelings of helplessness. While Freud and Erikson also focused on the role of early experiences on development, they did not specifically emphasize the importance of parental warmth and affection in the same way that Horney did. Bandura, on the other hand, is known for his social learning theory, which focuses on the role of observation and reinforcement in shaping behavior. His theory does not directly address the role of parental warmth and affection.

Question 6

_____ believed that personality was shaped and fixed by the age of 5.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that personality was largely shaped by the age of 5 through the development of the three components of the psyche - the id, ego, and superego - and the resolution of the Oedipus complex during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

Question 7

According to research on the influence of parental factor on personality,parents who were described as more _____ had children who were more competent and mature than children raised by permissive or indifferent parents.

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that parents who are authoritative, meaning they set clear rules and boundaries while also being warm and responsive to their child's needs, raise children who are more competent and mature compared to those raised by permissive or indifferent parents. Authoritarian or harsh parenting can lead to negative outcomes such as low self-esteem and anxiety, while punitive parenting can lead to aggression and antisocial behavior.

Question 8

_____ saw infancy as the major formative period that shapes a child's character.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ saw infancy as the major formative...

Question 9

In Israel,in studies of children reared in collective child-care arrangements,the primary responsibility for child care in communal settlements is assigned to _____.

Accepted Answer

In Israel, in collective child-care arrangements, the primary responsibility for child care is assigned to a professional caregiver. This is because communal settlements have designated caregivers who are trained to provide care to children in a group setting. While grandparents or parents may also be involved in child care, the primary responsibility is given to the professional caregiver.

Question 10

According to the personality theory of _____,in the first two years of life,parents need to satisfy their child's physiological and safety needs,which is prerequisite to the emergence of higher order needs.

Accepted Answer

This theory is Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which suggests that lower physiological and safety needs must be met before higher order needs such as love, belongingness, esteem and self-actualization can emerge. Skinner's theory emphasizes the role of environmental reinforcement on behavior, Seligman's theory focuses on positive psychology and Zuckerman's theory looks at sensation seeking behavior.

Question 11

A longitudinal study in the United States found that adults high in conformity and low in self-direction had parents who were _____ during their childhood.

Accepted Answer

The characteristics of being high in conformity and low in self-direction suggest a tendency to conform to social norms and expectations rather than assert individuality and independence. This is often the result of upbringing that emphasizes obedience and following rules over personal autonomy. A childhood marked by cold and restrictive parenting would likely contribute to this type of personality. Aggressive and anxious parents may also influence personality traits, but not those specifically related to conformity and self-direction. Depressed and psychotic parents may have a range of effects on their children, but again, not specifically related to the traits in question. Extroverted and demonstrative parents may have a positive impact on their children's social skills, but not necessarily related to conformity and self-direction.

Question 12

Researchers who subscribe to the primacy of _____ factors in personality tend to minimize or reject the parental effect.

Accepted Answer

Researchers who emphasize the primacy of genetic factors in personality tend to reject the notion that parenting has a significant and lasting effect on personality development. They believe that personality traits are largely inherited and shaped by biology rather than environmental factors.

Question 13

Cattell believed _____ was the major formative period for personality development.

Accepted Answer

Cattell believed that infancy was the major formative period for personality development, emphasizing the importance of early experiences in shaping an individual's personality traits.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about the major controversy that erupted in the late 1990s about the effect parental behaviors have on the child's personality?

Accepted Answer

The major controversy that erupted in the late 1990s was about the influence of parents on a child's personality. One proposition put forth was that peers have a greater influence on a child's personality than parents do. This theory suggests that a child's behavior and personality characteristics are largely shaped by the friends they make and the socialization that occurs within their peer group.

Question 15

A review of research between early childhood experiences and adult psychopathology showed that children who grew up to become depressed and anxious adults had:

Accepted Answer

The review of research suggests that inadequate parenting, which could include neglect, rejection, or overly controlling parents, is a common factor in childhood experiences that can contribute to the development of depression and anxiety in adulthood. Authoritative parenting, adventurous childhoods, and over-affectionate parents were not found to have a significant association with adult psychopathology in this study.

Question 16

A study of adolescents in Singapore found that those whose parents were _____ had greater confidence in their abilities and were better adjusted socially than those whose parents were _____.

Accepted Answer

The study found that adolescents with authoritative parents had greater confidence in their abilities and were better adjusted socially compared to those with authoritarian parents. Authoritative parents are warm and supportive while also setting reasonable expectations and limits, whereas authoritarian parents tend to be strict and controlling without much warmth or support.

Question 17

Considerable research suggests that _____ from parents can promote a child's autonomy,competence,and self-efficacy.

Accepted Answer

Praise from parents can promote a child's autonomy, competence, and self-efficacy by giving them positive feedback on their efforts and accomplishments. This can encourage children to continue engaging in activities and developing new skills. In contrast, unrestricted freedom or inadequate affection may not provide the necessary support or guidance for a child's development and may even lead to negative outcomes. Criticism can also have negative effects on a child's self-esteem and motivation.

Question 18

According to _____,it is the parents' responsibility to supply unconditional positive regard to their children.

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Rogers, parents should supply their children with unconditional positive regard, which means accepting and valuing them without any conditions or judgment.

Question 19

_____ held that a child's relationship with the mother in the first year of life was vital in promoting a trusting attitude.

Accepted Answer

Erikson held that a child's relationship with the mother in the first year of life was vital in promoting a trusting attitude.

Question 20

The first theorist to emphasize parental influences on the formation of personality was:

Accepted Answer

Freud emphasized the role of parental influences, particularly through his theories on psychosexual development and the Oedipus complex, highlighting how early childhood experiences and relationships with parents shape personality.

Quiz 15: Personality in Perspective