Question 1

What statement is false regarding labeling theory?

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory primarily focuses on how the labels applied to individuals by society (especially by authorities and institutions) can influence individuals' self-identity and behavior, often leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy where the individual internalizes the label and acts accordingly. It does not inherently find that positive social attachments help control delinquency; instead, it is more concerned with the negative effects of labeling and the social processes that contribute to deviant identities. Positive social attachments are more directly addressed in control theory, which posits that strong bonds to society and its institutions help prevent deviant behavior.

Question 2

What theory may best explain Kim's engagement in her current source of income?

Accepted Answer

General strain theory suggests that individuals engage in deviant behavior when they experience strain or stress, such as financial problems or job insecurity. Kim's engagement in her current source of income may be explained by this theory if she is facing economic strain and feels that this is the only viable option for her to make a living.

Question 3

Oscar Lewis coined the phrase ________________ to describe the crushing burden faced by the urban poor;it is marked by apathy,cynicism,helplessness,and mistrust of institutions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Oscar Lewis coined the phrase ________________ to...

Question 4

Given the situation of the residents and that they did not take advantage of opportunities available to them,a(n)_______________resulted where there is little chance of upward mobility.

Accepted Answer

The term "underclass" refers to a group of people who are persistently disadvantaged and have little chance of upward mobility. This can occur when residents do not take advantage of available opportunities, leading to a cycle of poverty and social exclusion. The other answer choices also relate to issues of poverty and inequality, but do not specifically refer to this situation of limited upward mobility.

Question 5

A prevention strategy advocated by labeling theorists that requires removing juveniles from secure facilities and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities is called:

Accepted Answer

The prevention strategy advocated by labeling theorists that requires removing juveniles from secure facilities and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities is called deinstitutionalization. This approach aims to avoid the negative effects of labeling and stigmatization that can lead to further delinquent behavior. Instead, community-based programs provide opportunities for juveniles to reintegrate into society and receive support from their families and communities.

Question 6

To survive,gangs recruit younger members and pass down delinquent and criminal traditions to ensure survival from one generation to another. This process is known as:

Accepted Answer

Cultural transmission refers to the passing down of cultural traditions and values from one generation to another. In the context of gangs, this can include the transmission of delinquent and criminal behaviors and beliefs to ensure the survival and continuation of the gang. This process can lead to the recruitment of younger members who may be more vulnerable and susceptible to these influences.

Question 7

If a youth continually receives negative feedback from significant others,they will interpret this image as accurate and their behavior will begin to conform to these negative expectations. This process is called a:

Accepted Answer

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a belief or expectation influences the behavior of a person in a way that causes the belief or expectation to come true. In this case, if a youth continually receives negative feedback, they may begin to believe that they are not capable of success and may stop trying, ultimately leading to failure and confirming the negative feedback they received.

Question 8

According to social reaction theory,whenever possible,anything producing stigma is to be avoided,a philosophy referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Social reaction theory suggests that individuals tend to avoid anything that may produce stigma in order to avoid negative reactions and sanctions from society. This philosophy is referred to as nonintervention, as individuals try to avoid becoming involved in behaviors or situations that may bring them negative attention or consequences. Deinstitutionalization refers to the process of moving individuals out of institutional settings such as hospitals or prisons and into community-based care. Socialization is the process of learning social norms, values, and beliefs, and deterrence refers to using punishment or negative consequences to discourage criminal behavior. None of these concepts are directly related to the avoidance of stigma.

Question 9

The scenario presented focuses on urban environmental conditions and would fall under what theory?

Accepted Answer

The scenario presented highlights the negative effects of urban environmental conditions on a community, including crime, pollution, and lack of resources. This aligns with the theory of social disorganization, which suggests that certain neighborhoods or communities may experience higher levels of crime due to their lack of social cohesion and ineffective institutions.

Question 10

______________ is the process by which a youth who is labeled delinquent and accepts that label as a personal identity.

Accepted Answer

Self-labeling is the process by which a youth who is labeled delinquent accepts that label as a personal identity. This can lead to self-stigmatization and a fulfilling of the label placed on them, known as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Retrospective reinterpretation refers to a person reinterpreting past events to fit their current beliefs or situation, and is not directly related to delinquency labeling.

Question 11

According to Agnew,adolescents engage in delinquency as a result of:

Accepted Answer

Agnew's General Strain Theory posits that individuals, including adolescents, engage in delinquency as a result of negative affective states, such as anger, frustration, and dissatisfaction. These negative states are a result of experiencing strain or stress, which may come from a variety of sources such as negative relationships, failure to achieve goals, and exposure to negative events. Delinquent behavior is perceived as a way to cope with or reduce the negative affective state.

Question 12

One mile from Jay's home,a rundown neighborhood was rehabilitated and transformed. Many wealthy people bought the houses for the short commute into downtown Chicago. This new area is considered:

Accepted Answer

Gentrification is the process of improving an area by renovating and developing properties, which often results in an influx of wealthier residents. In this scenario, the rundown neighborhood was rehabilitated and transformed by wealthy people, indicating gentrification.

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of the principles of restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice emphasizes the importance of community involvement and the rehabilitation of offenders through actions such as making amends and accepting responsibility for their crimes. Removing offenders from the community is not a principle of restorative justice.

Question 14

According to the text,restorative justice:

Accepted Answer

The text describes restorative justice as a nonpunitive strategy based on healing, that is concerned with the offender taking responsibility for their actions, and seeks to return the offender to the community as a full productive member. Therefore, all of the above are accurate descriptions of restorative justice.

Question 15

Which of the following theories centers around a view of society in which an elite class uses the law as a means of meeting threats to its status?

Accepted Answer

Critical theory centers around the idea that society is controlled by a dominant elite class who use the law and legal institutions to maintain their power and privilege. This theory critiques the existing power structures and calls for social change and equality. Social control theory focuses on how society as a whole uses social norms and values to regulate behavior. Differential association theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others. General strain theory states that individuals turn to crime as a response to stress and strain in their lives. None of these theories specifically focus on an elite class using the law to maintain their status.

Question 16

Which of the following categories best represents the primary strain Kim feels?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following categories best represents...

Question 17

Which of the following would best describe a prevention effort advocated by a social structure theorist?

Accepted Answer

Social structure theorists view crime and delinquency as a result of social and economic structures that disadvantage certain groups. Therefore, prevention efforts advocated by them would focus on addressing these underlying factors. Community redevelopment efforts such as educational programs and job training would be effective in tackling the root causes of delinquency. Midnight basketball leagues (A) and adult mentors (B) may provide short-term solutions but do not address long-term structural issues. Increasing penalties (C) may deter some individuals but does not address the root causes of delinquency.

Question 18

Which theory posits that society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate certain individuals as delinquent,thereby stigmatizing them and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity?

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory posits that society creates deviance by labeling certain individuals as deviant, leading to stigmatization and reinforcing deviant behaviors in those individuals. This theory emphasizes the role of social control agencies, such as the police and the criminal justice system, in creating and perpetuating deviant behaviors. The other theories listed focus on different aspects of deviant behavior, such as the impact of stressors (general strain theory), the influence of social interactions (social learning theory), and the strength of social bonds (social bond theory).

Question 19

Given Dave's acceptance of his role as a "delinquent" and his subsequent behaviors,what has been created?

Accepted Answer

Dave's acceptance of his delinquent role and subsequent behaviors align with the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy. This is a belief or expectation that causes an individual to behave in a way that confirms that belief, often resulting in reinforcing the original belief. In this case, Dave's acceptance of his delinquent label may lead him to engage in behaviors that support that identity, further cementing his view of himself as delinquent.

Question 20

What theory best explains Dave's delinquent behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What theory best explains Dave's delinquent behavior?
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Quiz 4: Sociological Views of Delinquency