Question 1

Since the stimulation of the clitoris and penis are automatically pleasurable,an orgasm that results from such a stimulation is classified as a(n)

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus, such as pleasure from clitoral or penile stimulation, that does not require conditioning. Therefore, an orgasm resulting from such stimulation would be considered an unconditioned response.

Question 2

One of Freud's major contributions to the study of sexuality was

Accepted Answer

Freud proposed the concept of psychosexual development, which suggests that humans pass through stages of psychological development related to the erogenous zones of the body. This theory revolutionized the study of human development, particularly in the area of sexuality.

Question 3

How are the psychoanalytic and sociobiological theories similar?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic and sociobiological theories both emphasize the biological underpinnings of human behavior, including sexual behavior, suggesting it is influenced by innate, biological factors.

Question 4

According to the psychoanalytic theory,after the resolution of the Oedipus or Electra complex,children pass into a prolonged stage known as _____.

Accepted Answer

According to the psychoanalytic theory, after the resolution of the Oedipus or Electra complex, children pass into a prolonged stage known as latency. During this stage, children suppress their sexual and aggressive urges and focus on developing social relationships, intellectual pursuits, and skills.

Question 5

Leah's boyfriend always wears a particular brand of cologne during their dates and sexual encounters.Now,whenever she meets a man wearing the same cologne,she feels sexually aroused.This process of learning is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of classical conditioning, where a naturally occurring stimulus (the cologne) becomes associated with a response (sexual arousal) through repeated pairings with a neutral stimulus (the boyfriend).

Question 6

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,a person who is addicted to smoking cigarettes is most likely to be fixated at the _____
Stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, a person who is addicted to smoking cigarettes is most likely to be fixated at the oral stage. This stage occurs from birth to about 18 months, where the primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, leading to a strong association with oral gratification in later life if fixation occurs.

Question 7

_____ conditioning is the process of changing the frequency of a behavior the operant by following it with positive reinforcement (which will make the behavior more frequent in the future)or punishment (which should make the behavior less frequent in the future).

Accepted Answer

The process described in the statement is most closely associated with operant conditioning, a type of learning where behavior is modified through consequences such as reinforcement or punishment. The other options, sociobiological, oedipus, and climacteric, are not directly related to this process.

Question 8

Studies on operant conditioning suggest that

Accepted Answer

Studies on operant conditioning have consistently shown that rewards are more effective in shaping behavior than punishments. Punishments may suppress behavior temporarily but are less effective in promoting a desired behavior in the long term.

Question 9

Freud was criticized by feminists because

Accepted Answer

Freud was criticized by feminists because he assumed women to be biologically inferior to men, which reflected a gender bias in his theories.

Question 10

According to Freud,with puberty,sexual urges reawaken and a child moves into the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, during puberty an individual enters the genital stage where sexual urges reawaken and are focused on romantic and sexual relationships. The other stages include the oral stage (birth to 1 year), the anal stage (1 to 3 years), and the phallic stage (3 to 6 years).

Question 11

What does contemporary research say about Freud's theory of latency?

Accepted Answer

Contemporary research has shown that children do continue to engage in behavior with sexual components during the latency period, despite Freud's belief that they repress their sexual curiosity during this time. However, the specific timing and order of the stages of psychosocial development have been questioned and revised by modern research, so choices A and B are incorrect. Choice C is also not supported by current research.

Question 12

The concept _____ was coined by Karen Horney to describe men's wishful feelings about women's reproductive capacity.

Accepted Answer

The concept of "womb envy" was coined by Karen Horney to describe men's wishful feelings about women's reproductive capacity. It suggests that men may be envious of women for their ability to bear children and may try to compensate for this by seeking power and achievement in other areas of life. This concept is seen as an alternative to the Freudian theory of "penis envy," which suggested that women were envious of men for their genitalia.

Question 13

_____ theorists believe that sexual behavior can be changed at any time in one's lifespan.

Accepted Answer

Learning theorists subscribe to the belief that behavior can be modified through reinforcement and punishment. This means that individuals can learn new behaviors and abandon old ones, including sexual behaviors, at any point in their life. Psychoanalytic theorists might argue that sexual behavior is deeply ingrained in one's psyche and thus relatively resistant to change, while sociobiological theorists might suggest that sexual behavior is largely determined by biology and cannot be changed easily. Deterministic theorists see sexual behavior as predetermined and unchangeable.

Question 14

Which of the following statements holds true for behavior modification?

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which involves manipulating the consequences of behavior to change its frequency or likelihood of occurrence. It focuses on observable behavior and does not require a detailed analysis of personality. Sexual disorders can be treated with behavior modification techniques, so option B is incorrect. Option A is unrelated to behavior modification.

Question 15

According to Freud,during the _____,sexual impulses are repressed or are in a quiescent stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Freudian theory, during the latency period (between ages 6 and puberty), sexual impulses are repressed or in a quiescent stage. This is a period of apparent calm in which the ego and superego are developed and gain strength, and the child is focused on developing their social and intellectual skills.

Question 16

Which of the following is a major difference between the psychoanalytic and the learning theories?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theories, particularly those of Freud, emphasize the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior, including sexual behavior. Learning theories, on the other hand, focus on how behavior is acquired and modified through experience and learning processes throughout life.

Question 17

From a scientific point of view,one of the major problems with the psychoanalytic theory is that

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic theory relies heavily on concepts such as the id, ego, and superego, which are difficult to empirically test and evaluate scientifically. While there may be some criticism of specific aspects of the theory regarding gender or child development, the lack of scientific evidence for many of its primary concepts is a significant problem.

Question 18

A woman with a vaginal infection repeatedly experienced pain during penetration,leading her to eventually stop having sexual intercourse.
This is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of operant conditioning, where the pain during sexual intercourse serves as a punishment, leading the woman to eventually stop engaging in the behavior.

Question 19

Which of the following is a behavior modification method based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning that appears to be relatively effective in changing a person's problematic sexual behavior?

Accepted Answer

Olfactory aversion therapy is a type of behavior modification method based on classical conditioning, where a person's problematic sexual behavior is paired with an unpleasant odor. Over time, the individual learns to associate their problematic behavior with the unpleasant odor, leading to a decrease in the behavior. Research has shown that olfactory aversion therapy can be effective in treating problematic sexual behavior. None of the other options mentioned are based on the principles of classical or operant conditioning.

Question 20

Behavior modification

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is a type of therapy that focuses on changing or modifying specific behaviors. It doesn't require a detailed analysis of a person's personality or unconscious motivations. Instead, it utilizes techniques such as positive reinforcement, punishment, and modeling to shape behavior.

Options A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe behavior modification.

Quiz 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Sexuality