Question 1

Five-year-old Donna speaks in shorter,simpler sentences to her baby brother.She speaks in a very informal way with her friends and uses a more formal language with her father's friends.Donna is demonstrating her grasp of:
A)pragmatics.
B)morphology.
C)syntax.
D)phonology.

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics refers to the use of language in social contexts and Donna's example shows her understanding of how to adjust her language based on her audience and the situation.

Question 2

Nurturing is a key aspect of the _____,which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical,cognitive,and socioemotional development.
A)child-centered kindergarten
B)Montessori approach
C)developmentally appropriate practice
D)Reggio Emilia approach

Accepted Answer

Child-centered kindergarten focuses on nurturing and educating the whole child, addressing their physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.

Question 3

Pointing to a tree,young Leo says "Bird flied away." Leo's interesting but incorrect use of "-ed" in "flied" shows that he is trying to learn the _____ rules of language.
A)phonological
B)morphological
C)pragmatic
D)syntactic

Accepted Answer

Leo's use of "flied" instead of "flew" shows that he is learning the morphological rules of language, specifically how verbs change form to indicate tense.

Question 4

Jean Berko's experiment involving "wugs" demonstrated that young children who took part in the experiment knew:
A)the phonological rules.
B)the rules of syntax.
C)the pragmatic rules.
D)the morphological rules.

Accepted Answer

Jean Berko's experiment involving "wugs" aimed to study children's understanding of the rules of morphology, specifically how they create plurals of novel words. The study found that children as young as four years old were able to apply the rules of morphology to create the plural form of novel words, demonstrating their knowledge of the morphological rules.

Question 5

The _____ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
A)child-centered kindergarten
B)Montessori approach
C)developmentally appropriate practice
D)developmentally inappropriate practice

Accepted Answer

The Montessori approach is known for giving children freedom and independence in choosing activities. The child-centered kindergarten is also a philosophy that emphasizes children's interests and needs, but it is not as specific as the Montessori approach. Developmentally appropriate practice is a general approach to teaching that takes into account the age and individual needs of children. Developmentally inappropriate practice is a term used to describe teaching methods that are not suited to a child's age or abilities.

Question 6

It is only by age seven that children begin to recognize all of the following EXCEPT:
A)there can be more than one correct opinions on an issue.
B)people's behaviors do not necessarily reflect their thoughts and feelings.
C)people have different interpretations of the same event.
D)people can have ambivalent feelings.

Accepted Answer

By age seven, children typically understand that people can have different opinions, behaviors may not reflect true thoughts, and interpretations can vary. However, understanding ambivalent feelings usually develops later.

Question 7

It is now accepted that autism is linked to:
A)genetic and brain abnormalities.
B)personality characteristics of the parents.
C)ineffective vaccination.
D)proximity to toxic waste disposal sites.

Accepted Answer

It is widely accepted in the scientific community that autism is linked to genetic and brain abnormalities. This means that individuals with autism may have genetic mutations or variations that affect brain development and neural connections.  Personality characteristics of parents, ineffective vaccination, and proximity to toxic waste disposal sites have not been shown to be consistently linked with the development of autism.

Question 8

Approximately _____ children is estimated to have some sort of autism spectrum disorder.
A)1 in 50
B)1 in 150
C)1 in 300
D)1 in 500

Accepted Answer

The answer of Approximately _____ children is estimated to have...

Question 9

Several operations,such as inhibition and planning,that are important for flexible,future-oriented behavior and may also be connected to theory of mind development are known as:
A)operational thought.
B)instrumental activities.
C)executive function.
D)intuitive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The operations described in the question, such as inhibition and planning, are all part of executive function, which refers to a set of cognitive processes involved in goal-directed behavior. These processes are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and may also be connected to theory of mind development. Option A, operational thought, refers to Piaget's theory of cognitive development and is not directly related to the question. Option B, instrumental activities, refers to daily living activities performed by an individual such as grooming, dressing, and shopping but this is not related to the question. Option D, intuitive reasoning, refers to the ability to use past experiences to make quick decisions in familiar situations and is not directly related to the question.

Question 10

A group of children were put through a task in which they were asked to say the word "night" when they saw a picture of a sun and the word "day" when they saw a picture of a moon and stars.This is an example of a(n)_____ function that describes several functions,such as inhibition and planning,that are important for flexible,future-oriented behavior.
A)executive
B)social
C)recall
D)dynamic

Accepted Answer

The task described in the question requires the children to inhibit their automatic response of saying "day" when they see a moon and stars and instead say "night." This requires higher-level cognitive function such as planning and inhibition, which fall under the executive function category. Executive function refers to several cognitive processes that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior.

Question 11

Which of the following statements regarding autism in children is TRUE?
A)Higher-functioning children with autism show reasonable progress in understanding others' desires.
B)Children with autism have difficulty in understanding others' beliefs and emotions solely due to theory of mind deficits.
C)Children with autism are a homogeneous group.
D)Children with autism usually perform well on false-belief tasks.

Accepted Answer

Higher-functioning children with autism show reasonable progress in understanding others' desires. While children with autism do struggle with theory of mind and understanding emotions, it is a spectrum disorder meaning there is a wide range of functioning levels. Higher-functioning children may have stronger cognitive abilities and be able to improve in certain areas of social interaction and communication, such as understanding desires.

B, C, and D are false statements.

Question 12

Around _____ years of age,children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation.
A)six to seven
B)seven to eight
C)two to three
D)four to five

Accepted Answer

Children typically begin to adjust their speech style to suit different situations around the ages of four to five.

Question 13

Cynthia shows a number of behaviors different from children her age,including deficits in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviors or interests.She is indifferent toward others and prefers to be alone.She is more interested in objects than people.It is MOST likely that she suffers from:
A)insomnia.
B)narcolepsy.
C)anemia.
D)autism.

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described are consistent with a diagnosis of autism, which is a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, as well as repetitive behaviors or interests. Indifference toward others and a preference for objects over people are common symptoms in individuals with autism. Insomnia, narcolepsy, and anemia are not related to the symptoms described.

Question 14

In the context of perception,by _____ years of age,a child recognizes that another person will see what is in front of his or her own eyes instead of what is in front of the child's eyes.
A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the context of perception,by _____ years...

Question 15

3-year-old Zelda always asks questions like "Where Daddy is going?" and "What Mommy is doing?" This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and also to apply the rules of:
A)pragmatics.
B)morphology.
C)syntax.
D)phonology.

Accepted Answer

The use of auxiliary verbs and inversion in questions is a part of syntax, which governs the order and structure of words in sentences. Pragmatics relates to the context and social use of language, morphology to the study of word structure and formation, and phonology to the study of sounds in language. While Zelda's questions may also involve aspects of these other areas of language development, her need to learn the rules of syntax is most directly reflected in her difficulty with auxiliaries and inversion.

Question 16

The realization that people can have false beliefs develops in a majority of children by the time they are _____ years old.
A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Accepted Answer

The answer of The realization that people can have false...

Question 17

One of the criticisms for using a false-belief task as an indicator for understanding the thoughts of children is that:
A)a false-belief task is a complicated one that involves a number of factors.
B)it has at least four possible outcomes.
C)a false belief task is too simple.
D)it is irrelevant,as by the preschool years children have a deepening appreciation of the mind.

Accepted Answer

A false-belief task is criticized for being complicated because it involves multiple cognitive processes, such as understanding others' perspectives, memory, and language comprehension, which can affect a child's performance beyond just their understanding of false beliefs.

Question 18

Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be:
A)child-centered.
B)standardized.
C)purpose-centered.
D)achievement-oriented.

Accepted Answer

Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are child-centered, meaning they focus on the needs and interests of the individual child rather than being standardized or achievement-oriented. This approach recognizes that young children learn best through play, exploration, and hands-on experiences that align with their developmental stage and unique characteristics. Kindergarten teachers who implement child-centered practices provide opportunities for children to collaborate, problem-solve, and express themselves in a safe and nurturing environment. Such practices aim to foster children's social-emotional, cognitive, and physical development, rather than just their academic skills.

Question 19

By the time they enter first grade,it is estimated that children know about _____ words.
A)1,200
B)8,000
C)14,000
D)5,000

Accepted Answer

By the time children enter first grade, it is estimated that they know about 14,000 words. This reflects the rapid vocabulary acquisition that occurs during early childhood.

Question 20

18-month-old Alan hates spinach but says "Yum!" when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole.This indicates that:
A)he will also like spinach when he grows up.
B)he recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own.
C)he has started to recognize false beliefs.
D)he has started to understand that people can have ambivalent feelings.

Accepted Answer

Alan's response of saying "Yum!" when he sees his mother eating spinach casserole suggests that he recognizes that someone else may have different desires or preferences from his own. This demonstrates a level of empathy and understanding of others' perspectives, which is an important aspect of social development. It does not necessarily indicate that he will eventually like spinach, nor does it demonstrate an understanding of false beliefs or ambivalent feelings.

Quiz 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Five-year-old Donna speaks in shorter,simpler sentences to her baby brother.She speaks in a very informal way with her friends and uses a more formal language with her father's friends.Donna is demonstrating her grasp of:

Nurturing is a key aspect of the _____,which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical,cognitive,and socioemotional development.

Pointing to a tree,young Leo says "Bird flied away." Leo's interesting but incorrect use of "-ed" in "flied" shows that he is trying to learn the _____ rules of language.

Jean Berko's experiment involving "wugs" demonstrated that young children who took part in the experiment knew:

The _____ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

It is only by age seven that children begin to recognize all of the following EXCEPT:

It is now accepted that autism is linked to:

Approximately _____ children is estimated to have some sort of autism spectrum disorder.

Several operations,such as inhibition and planning,that are important for flexible,future-oriented behavior and may also be connected to theory of mind development are known as:

Which of the following statements regarding autism in children is TRUE?

Around _____ years of age,children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation.

In the context of perception,by _____ years of age,a child recognizes that another person will see what is in front of his or her own eyes instead of what is in front of the child's eyes.

3-year-old Zelda always asks questions like "Where Daddy is going?" and "What Mommy is doing?" This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and also to apply the rules of:

The realization that people can have false beliefs develops in a majority of children by the time they are _____ years old.

One of the criticisms for using a false-belief task as an indicator for understanding the thoughts of children is that:

Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be:

By the time they enter first grade,it is estimated that children know about _____ words.

18-month-old Alan hates spinach but says "Yum!" when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole.This indicates that: