Question 1

B.F.Skinner,a behaviorist,would argue that the most important things that shape development are _____.
A)thoughts and feelings
B)unconscious motivations
C)rewards and punishments
D)culture and society

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner's theory of behaviorism emphasizes the role of rewards and punishments in shaping human behavior and development. He believed that environmental factors (such as rewards and punishments) played a larger role in shaping behavior than internal processes such as thoughts and feelings, or unconscious motivations. Therefore, the most important things that shape development according to Skinner are rewards and punishments.

Question 2

Danny's mother is even-tempered,fair,and tactful.Seeing this,Danny is growing up to be a polite,good-natured boy too.This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.
A)operant conditioning
B)observational learning
C)salient stimuli
D)classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning, also called modeling or social learning theory, is the process of learning through observing others' behavior, attitude, and the outcome of their actions. In this scenario, Danny is imitating his mother's behavior, which shows how observational learning works.

Question 3

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory,a person's family,peers,school,and neighborhood constitute his/her:
A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)chronosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Accepted Answer

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the microsystem refers to the immediate environments that a person interacts with directly, such as family, peers, school, and neighborhood.

Question 4

If Alex uses an EEG,FMRI,and measures of cortisol in his developmental research,these tests are best referred to as:
A)psychological measures.
B)neurological measures.
C)physiological measures.
D)genetic measures.

Accepted Answer

The tests mentioned - EEG, fMRI, and cortisol level measurements - are all measures of physiological functioning in the body, specifically of the brain and stress response system. Therefore, they are best described as physiological measures.

Question 5

Dr.Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring.He is arguing that _____ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.
A)stimulus
B)operant
C)classical
D)cognitive

Accepted Answer

The statement refers to the principles of operant conditioning, where a behavior is strengthened or weakened based on the consequence that follows it. The consequence serves as an operant, either reinforcing or punishing the behavior.

Question 6

Fernando believes that as individuals adapt to their environment,development,or phylogeny occurs.He further believes that there are critical periods that have also been selected for.He is most likely taking a(n)_____ approach.
A)behavioral
B)ethological
C)social cognitive
D)psychoanalytic

Accepted Answer

The belief in critical periods and the idea of adaptation to environment are both key principles of the ethological approach, which focuses on the biological and evolutionary basis of behavior. The other options do not specifically address these concepts.

Question 7

Human infants go through an attachment period.John Bowlby calls this a ______ period,meaning that for optimal development attachment should occur during this period.
A)positive
B)critical
C)sensitive
D)severe attachment

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby refers to this period as a "sensitive" period, indicating that it is a time when attachment should ideally occur for the best emotional and social development of the child.

Question 8

A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists are that they are most likely to:
A)emphasize the influence of culture on development.
B)emphasize that individuals manipulate information,monitor it,and strategize about it.
C)state that individuals develop a gradually decreasing capacity for processing information.
D)state that thinking does not constitute information processing.

Accepted Answer

Information-processing psychologists focus on the ways in which individuals perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. They emphasize that people actively manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it, which is reflected in this choice. The other options do not accurately represent the perspectives of information-processing psychologists.

Question 9

The _____ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.
A)metasystem
B)mesosystem
C)chronosystem
D)macrosystem

Accepted Answer

The mesosystem involves relations between microsystems, or connections between contexts. The metasystem refers to a system that is composed of other systems, the chronosystem refers to the way in which environmental events and transitions over the life course, and the macrosystem refers to the cultural and social values, laws, customs, and resources of a society, which influence the other systems.

Question 10

A recent television documentary concluded that,from birth,girls are more nurturing than are boys.Daniel agrees with this because he believes nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed on through the generations,because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species.Daniel's view reflects the _____ perspective of development.
A)ideological
B)clinical
C)ethological
D)theological

Accepted Answer

Daniel's view reflects the ethological perspective of development, which focuses on the evolutionary basis of behavior and development. The ethological perspective emphasizes the role of biology and genetics in shaping behavior and development, and suggests that certain behaviors, such as nurturing, may have developed as adaptive responses to the environment and helped to ensure the survival of the species.

Question 11

Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize:
A)unconscious motives.
B)discontinuity in behavior.
C)continuity in development.
D)that development occurs in stage-like fashion.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize continuity in development, meaning that behaviors and cognitive processes build on previous experiences and gradually change over time, rather than occurring in distinct stages. While unconscious motives may play a role in some theories, they are not the central focus of these approaches. Discontinuity in behavior and development occurring in a stage-like fashion are features of other theoretical perspectives, such as psychoanalytic and cognitive developmental theories.

Question 12

Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course,as well as sociohistorical circumstances?
A)Mesosystem
B)Chronosystem
C)Macrosystem
D)Exosystem

Accepted Answer

The Chronosystem refers to the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.

Question 13

Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many,upon hatching,identified him as their mother.He coined this form of attachment:
A)conditioning.
B)imprinting.
C)internalizing.
D)acclimatizing.

Accepted Answer

Konrad Lorenz coined the term "imprinting" to describe the attachment that many goslings formed with him upon hatching. This refers to a rapid learning process in which a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, which is typically its mother.

Question 14

In Lorenz's view,imprinting needs to take place at a certain,very early time in the life of the animal,or else it will not take place.This period of time is called the:
A)receptive period.
B)sensitive period.
C)critical period.
D)bonding period.

Accepted Answer

Lorenz believed that imprinting can only occur during a specific and limited time in the early life of an animal known as the critical period. If imprinting does not occur during this period, it may not occur at all or may occur in a different way. The other choices, such as receptive period and bonding period, do not specifically refer to the limited and critical time frame in which imprinting must occur according to Lorenz.

Question 15

The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live.
A)chronosystem
B)mesosystem
C)ethnosystem
D)macrosystem

Accepted Answer

The macrosystem includes the larger cultural context in which individuals live, including cultural values, customs, and laws. The chronosystem refers to historical and temporal changes, the mesosystem refers to the relationships between microsystems, and ethnosystem is not a recognized term in developmental psychology.

Question 16

Nellie,three,bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day.How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?
A)Explore experiences from Nellie's early childhood and address them in therapy
B)Test Nellie to determine her current level of cognitive functioning
C)Investigate her psychosocial environment and eliminate stressors
D)Reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavior

Accepted Answer

Skinner's concept of operant conditioning involves using reinforcement (reward/punishment) to increase or decrease a behavior. In this case, rewarding Nellie for not banging her head and punishing the head-banging behavior could be effective in decreasing the behavior. It is important to note that punishment should be used cautiously and always in combination with positive reinforcement.

Question 17

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guides cognitive development.
A)culture and social interaction
B)biology
C)the unconscious mind
D)genetic makeup

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development posits that cultural and social factors play a central role in cognitive development. He believed that children learn through interactions with more knowledgeable people in their environment and through the cultural tools, practices and language of their community.

Question 18

The idea that no singular theory can explain life-span development as a whole,but that each theory plays an important role is referred to as:
A)eclectic theoretical orientation.
B)mixed theoretical orientation.
C)abridged theoretical orientation.
D)severed theoretical orientation.

Accepted Answer

The term "eclectic theoretical orientation" refers to the idea that no singular theory can fully explain life-span development, but that different theories contribute to understanding different aspects of it.

Question 19

The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.
A)microsystem
B)mesosystem
C)exosystem
D)macrosystem

Accepted Answer

The exosystem consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. The microsystem is the immediate environment in which the individual lives and interacts (e.g. family, school, peers). The mesosystem refers to the relationships and interactions between two or more microsystems (e.g. home and school). The macrosystem refers to the broader cultural context in which the other systems are embedded (e.g. cultural norms, values, and beliefs).

Question 20

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior,environment,and:
A)person/cognition.
B)culture.
C)education level.
D)motivation.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, environment, and person/cognition. This means that in addition to external factors (environment and behavior), a person's own thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs (cognition) are also important in the learning process. Motivation is an important factor, but it is included in the person/cognition element. Culture and education level may be part of the environment element, but they are not specifically mentioned in Bandura's model. Therefore, the best choice is A - person/cognition.

Quiz 1: Introduction

B.F.Skinner,a behaviorist,would argue that the most important things that shape development are _____.

Danny's mother is even-tempered,fair,and tactful.Seeing this,Danny is growing up to be a polite,good-natured boy too.This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory,a person's family,peers,school,and neighborhood constitute his/her:

If Alex uses an EEG,FMRI,and measures of cortisol in his developmental research,these tests are best referred to as:

Dr.Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring.He is arguing that _____ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.

Fernando believes that as individuals adapt to their environment,development,or phylogeny occurs.He further believes that there are critical periods that have also been selected for.He is most likely taking a(n) _____ approach.

Human infants go through an attachment period.John Bowlby calls this a ______ period,meaning that for optimal development attachment should occur during this period.

A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists are that they are most likely to:

The _____ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.

Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize:

Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course,as well as sociohistorical circumstances?

Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many,upon hatching,identified him as their mother.He coined this form of attachment:

In Lorenz's view,imprinting needs to take place at a certain,very early time in the life of the animal,or else it will not take place.This period of time is called the:

The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live.

Nellie,three,bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day.How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guides cognitive development.

The idea that no singular theory can explain life-span development as a whole,but that each theory plays an important role is referred to as:

The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior,environment,and: