Question 1

Shaping,time out,and extinction are three principles of

Accepted Answer

Shaping, time out, and extinction are all principles of operant conditioning, which involves learning based on the consequences of behavior. Shaping involves gradually reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior. Time out involves removing a person from a situation immediately following an undesired behavior, while extinction involves reducing the frequency of a behavior by withholding the reinforcement that previously followed it. Classical conditioning involves learning through association of two stimuli, while existential and Gestalt therapies are forms of psychotherapy, unrelated to learning principles.

Question 2

Regarding EMDR,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

EMDR does not involve a modified version of therapeutic hypnosis. It is a distinct therapy approach that involves bilateral stimulation (such as eye movements) while bringing up emotionally distressing memories.

Question 3

In reference to operant conditioning,which term does NOT belong with the others?

Accepted Answer

Extinction, stimulus control, and reinforcement are all related to the basic principles of operant conditioning. Conditioned aversion, on the other hand, is associated with classical conditioning.

Question 4

If a response is not followed by a reward after it has been repeated many times,it will go away.This describes the operant conditioning term of

Accepted Answer

Extinction refers to the gradual disappearance of a behavior that is no longer followed by a reward or reinforcement. This occurs when an organism learns that the behavior is no longer effective in producing the desired outcome. Therefore, if a response is not followed by a reward after it has been repeated many times, it will eventually go away due to extinction.

Question 5

If a response is followed by an unpleasant effect or discomfort,the response behavior will be suppressed.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question is an example of punishment. When a response is followed by an unpleasant effect or discomfort, it is likely that the individual will avoid that behavior in the future. Punishment aims to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by using negative consequences.

Question 6

Learning based on the consequences of making a response is called

Accepted Answer

Learning based on the consequences of making a response is the definition of operant conditioning. Choices B, C, and D are all different types of psychological interventions or therapies.

Question 7

If a response is not followed by a reward,it will occur less frequently,according to which principle of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The principle of nonreinforcement states that a behavior will occur less frequently if it is not followed by a reward.

Question 8

The client is asked to visualize the images that most upset her or him.At the same time,a pencil (or other object)is moved rapidly from side to side in front of the person's eyes.Watching the moving object causes the person's eyes to dart swiftly back and forth.After about 30 seconds,clients describe any memories,feelings,and thoughts that emerged and discuss them with the therapist.These steps are repeated until troubling thoughts and emotions no longer surface.This procedure is known as

Accepted Answer

This procedure is known as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), which involves the use of rapid eye movements while visualizing distressing images or memories to help reduce the impact of trauma or negative experiences. The other options (B) REBT, (C) stimulus control, and (D) aversion therapy, do not involve the use of eye movements to address psychological issues.

Question 9

When a response is followed by a reward,this response will occur more often.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement involves following a behavior with a reinforcing stimulus, which will increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. This matches the scenario described in the question where a response is followed by a reward and results in that response occurring more often. The other answer choices are not applicable to the described situation.

Question 10

After winning three times playing the slot machine,you pull the handle 30 more times without a payout.You leave this slot machine because your response of "handle pulling" for this particular machine has undergone

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and therefore decreases in frequency. In this case, the behavior of pulling the handle did not result in a payout, so it no longer reinforced the behavior of playing that particular slot machine. The person's behavior of leaving the machine shows that they realized there was no longer a reinforcement for their behavior of pulling the handle, indicating extinction.

Question 11

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of punishment?

Accepted Answer

Punishment typically leads to a suppression of the punished response, meaning the behavior is less likely to occur in the immediate future. However, punishment does not necessarily eliminate the behavior in the long-term, and may even inadvertently increase the behavior if the punisher is not consistent or if the punishment is perceived as unjust. So, options A and B are less likely consequences of punishment, and option D is not entirely correct as punishment generally has some effect on behavior in the short-term.

Question 12

Mrs.Parker's first grade has gotten used to just calling out Mrs.Parker's name to get her attention.Mrs.Parker has decided that she will only call on the students who quietly raise their hands to get her attention,while she will not attend to those students who loudly call out her name.Eventually,the students will stop loudly calling out her name because of the behavioral principle of

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, leading to a decrease in the behavior. In this scenario, Mrs. Parker's decision to only attend to students who quietly raise their hands means that the behavior of loudly calling out her name is no longer reinforced. Over time, this should lead to a decrease or extinction of the behavior.

Question 13

When children are in the babbling stage of language development,they tend to repeat the particular speech sounds that attract the attention of their caretakers,while rarely repeating those speech sounds that do not receive attention from their caretakers.The fact that some speech sounds are repeated less frequently is due to the behavioral effect known as

Accepted Answer

The behavioral effect described in the scenario is nonreinforcement, which refers to the lack of positive reinforcement or attention that causes a behavior to occur less frequently. In this case, speech sounds that do not receive attention from caretakers are repeated less frequently, while those that do receive attention are repeated more often. This is a natural part of language development, as children learn to communicate through trial and error, and adjust their speech based on the feedback they receive from their environment. Punishment, negative reinforcement, and aversive conditioning all involve the application of negative consequences or stimuli to reduce behavior, which is not applicable in this scenario.

Question 14

Lately,you have been reinforcing your child's temper tantrums with your attention.If you withhold your attention, ignoring the temper tantrums for several days,they will eventually stop.A psychologist would call this effect

Accepted Answer

In this scenario, the reinforcement (in the form of attention) is being withheld, causing the temper tantrums to eventually stop. This is an example of extinction, which is the gradual decrease in the frequency or intensity of a behavior when it is no longer reinforced. Aversive conditioning involves using an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior, shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior, and negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior. None of these terms accurately describe the situation described in the prompt.

Question 15

In order to treat his post-traumatic stress disorder,Tony is undergoing a treatment in which he is asked to visualize the images that most upset him while the therapist moves a pencil rapidly from side to side in front of his eyes.He is then asked to describe any memories,feelings,or thoughts that emerge.Tony is undergoing

Accepted Answer

Tony is undergoing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This therapy involves visually tracking a moving object while holding a traumatic image or thought in mind. The goal is to desensitize the individual to the trauma and reprocess the traumatic memory in a more adaptive way. This therapy has been shown to be effective in treating PTSD.

Question 16

If you get praised by your parents for making A's in your college courses,the praise is

Accepted Answer

The praise from parents for making A's in college courses is an example of positive reinforcement, as it is a reward or consequence that increases the likelihood of the behavior (getting good grades) being repeated in the future. This is different from stimulus control, which involves controlling the environment to increase or decrease the occurrence of a behavior, and time out, which involves removing a person from a reinforcing environment as a consequence for undesirable behavior. The praise is also not situationally controlled as it is consistently given in response to a particular behavior (getting good grades).

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an operant conditioning procedure used in behavior modification?

Accepted Answer

Extinction, shaping, and time-out are all operant conditioning procedures used in behavior modification. Aversion is a classical conditioning procedure used to associate a negative stimuli with a behavior in order to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring.

Question 18

If a child whines and gets his parents' attention,he will tend to whine more frequently in the future because he has experienced which principle of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The child's whining behavior is being positively reinforced by the parent's attention, therefore making it more likely for the child to whine in the future to get the same attention.

Question 19

Kira has experienced anxiety-provoking flashbacks from her tour of duty in Iraq.The therapist has Kira think about these upsetting thoughts,while the therapist moves a pencil back and forth rapidly in front of her eyes.This technique is known as

Accepted Answer

The technique described is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), which involves the use of rapid eye movements while the client thinks about a traumatic experience in order to reduce the intensity of associated emotions and physical sensations. Therapeutic hypnosis involves inducing a trance-like state in order to promote relaxation and facilitate therapeutic change, covert sensitization involves pairing a negative stimulus with a unwanted behavior in order to reduce the behavior's occurrence, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves inducing seizures via electrical stimulation of the brain as a treatment for severe depression or other mental illness.

Question 20

When Susie wore her new pink outfit,she got several compliments.However,when she wore her new green outfit,she did not receive any compliments.Consequently,Susie wears her green outfit less frequently because of this

Accepted Answer

Nonreinforcement is correct because Susie's decision to wear her green outfit less frequently is due to the absence of compliments (a form of positive reinforcement), not because of a negative consequence or punishment.

Quiz 67: Therapies: Behavior Therapies